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401(k) auto-enrollment less effective than expected, study says

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Employers are increasingly putting workers’ 401(k) plan savings on autopilot.

But the positive impact of automated retirement savings is more muted than initially thought, new research finds.

Previously “underexamined” factors — like workers cashing out 401(k) balances when they leave a job — “meaningfully reduce” the long-term impact of policies like automatic enrollment and automatic escalation, according to a new paper published by the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Importantly, some of the paper’s co-authors — James Choi of Yale University, and David Laibson and John Beshears of Harvard University — are behavioral economists who pioneered early research into the positive effects of automatic enrollment.

“They are like the OGs [originals],” said David Blanchett, head of retirement research at PGIM, an investment manager. “These are the people who’ve been doing research on this topic now for decades.”

‘Not as positive as we had previously thought’

Automated savings has been a cornerstone of 401(k) policy since Congress passed the Pension Protection Act of 2006.

Policies like auto-enrollment and auto-escalation aim to boost the size of employees’ nest eggs, by automatically enrolling workers in their company 401(k) and then raising (or “escalating”) their savings rate over time.

In this way, people’s tendency towards inertia works in their favor.

401(k) doesn't seem to have the same fanbase that social security has, says Allison Schrager

About two-thirds of 401(k) plans were using auto-enrollment as of 2022, according to survey data from the Plan Sponsor Council of America, a trade group. Of them, 78% used auto-escalation.

Overall, their effect on savings is positive, “just not as positive as we had previously thought based on the research we had done before,” Choi said in an interview.

The group’s initial research didn’t track results for workers who left jobs where they’d been automatically enrolled.

This research update sought to do a broader analysis, incorporating factors like job turnover, Choi said.

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Overall, Choi and his co-authors recently found that auto-enrollment raised average 401(k) contribution rates by 0.6 percentage points of income over workers’ careers.

That’s a 72% decrease in effectiveness from the 2.2-percentage-point boost that was extrapolated by the “results of early pioneering papers,” the paper said.

“You’re talking 1.6% of income less saved per year,” Choi said. “If you were to just add that up over a 40-year career, you’re talking more than a half year of income saved.”

When also accounting for compounding interest on those savings, it can amount to a “quite substantial” financial difference, he added.

The impact of 401(k) leakage

The disparity is largely a function of so-called “leakage” from 401(k) plans. meaning the early withdrawal of funds before retirement.

About 40% of workers who leave a job cash out their 401(k) plans each year, according to the Employee Benefit Research Institute. Such leakage amounted to $92.4 billion in 2015, according to EBRI’s most recent data.

Workers may withdraw 401(k) plan funds before their employer match is fully vested, meaning they’d forgo that free money.

Additionally, just 43% of workers defaulted into auto-escalation of their savings rates ultimately accepted a higher contribution rate after one year, the National Bureau of Economic Research paper found.

By comparison, early research conducted by behavioral economists like Richard Thaler and Shlomo Benartzi estimated that share around 85%.

Job turnover also complicates auto-escalation in addition to auto-enrollment, PGIM’s Blanchett said.

For example, a worker’s escalated contribution rate may reset at a lower savings rate if they were to join a new employer’s 401(k) plan.

While auto-escalation isn’t necessarily a reliable way to get people to save more money, auto-enrollment has proven “very successful,” Blanchett said.

Maximizing your Social Security benefits

He believes the effectiveness of auto-enrollment shouldn’t be judged based on 401(k) leakage, which is a separate policy issue, he said.

“I think auto-enrollment does a spectacular job at getting individuals in the plan,” Blanchett said. “But we still have this massive leakage issue. It still exists whether you have auto-enrollment or you don’t.”

That said, there’s room for improvement with automated savings.

“I’d like us to get to a point where 7% or 8% is the median default savings rate,” Blanchett said.

When coupled with an employer match, the typical worker would be saving 10% or more of their salaries, a bar workers should generally strive for, he said.

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You have options if you can’t pay your taxes by April 15

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The tax deadline is days away — and the IRS is urging taxpayers to file returns on time and “pay as much as they can.”

However, if you can’t cover your total tax balance, there are options for the remaining taxes owed, according to the agency.

For most tax filers, April 15 is the due date for federal returns and taxes. But your federal deadline could be later if your state or county was impacted by a natural disaster.

If you are in the military stationed abroad or are in a combat zone during the tax filing season, you may qualify for certain automatic extensions related to the filing and paying of your federal income taxes.

Additionally, those living and working abroad also have extra time to file. 

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If you’re missing tax forms or need more time, You can file a tax extension by April 15, which pushes the federal filing deadline to Oct. 15.  

But “it’s an extension to file, not an extension to pay,” said Jo Anna Fellon, managing director at financial services firm CBIZ.

File by April 15 and ‘pay what you can’

If you can’t cover your balance by April 15, you should still file your return to avoid a higher IRS penalty, experts say.  

The failure-to-file penalty is 5% of unpaid taxes per month or partial month, capped at 25%.

By comparison, the failure-to-pay penalty is 0.5% of taxes owed per month, limited to 25%. Both penalties incur interest, which is currently 7% for individuals.

File on time and pay what you can.

Misty Erickson

Tax content manager at the National Association of Tax Professionals

“File on time and pay what you can,” said Misty Erickson, tax content manager at the National Association of Tax Professionals. “You’re going to reduce penalties and interest.” 

Don’t panic if you can’t cover the full balance by April 15 because you may have payment options, she said.

“The IRS wants to work with you,” Erickson added.

Options if you can’t pay your taxes

“Most individual taxpayers can qualify for a payment plan,” the IRS said in a recent news release.

The “quickest and easiest way” to sign up is by using the online payment agreement, which may include a setup fee, according to the agency.

These payment options include:

  • Short-term payment plan: This may be available if you owe less than $100,000 including tax, penalties and interest. You have up to 180 days to pay in full.
  • Long-term payment plan: You’ll have this option if your balance is less than $50,000 including tax, penalties and interest. The monthly payment timeline is up to the IRS “collection statute,” which is typically 10 years.  

The agency has recently revamped payment plans, to make the program “easier and more accessible.”    

Build emergency and retirement savings at the same time

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Regulated finance needs to build trust with Gen Z

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Parents want schools to step up in teaching kids financial literacy

Misinformation and lack of trust in traditional institutions runs rampant in our society.

The regulated financial sector is no different, particularly among young people. Roughly 38% of Gen Zers get financial information from YouTube, and 33% from TikTok, according to a recent Schwab survey.

As a former regulator and author of kids’ books about money, I am truly horrified by the toxic advice they are getting from these unqualified “finfluencers” — advice which, if followed, could cause lasting damage to their financial futures.

Most troubling are finfluencers who encourage young people to borrow. A central theme is that “chumps” earn money by working hard and that rich people make money with debt. They supposedly get rich by borrowing large sums and investing the cash in assets they expect to increase in value or produce income which can cover their loans and also net a tidy profit.

Of course, the finfluencers can be a little vague about how the average person can find these wondrous investments that will pay off their debt for them. Volatile, risky investments — tech stocks, crypto, precious metals, commercial real estate — are commonly mentioned.

‘The road to quick ruin’ for inexperienced investors

Contrary to their assertions, these finfluencers are not peddling anything new or revelatory. It’s simply borrowing to speculate.

For centuries, that strategy has been pursued by inexperienced investors as the path to quick riches, when in reality, it’s the road to quick ruin. There is always “smart money” on the other side of their transactions, ready to take advantage of them. For young people just starting out, with limited incomes and tight budgets, it’s the last thing they should be doing with their precious cash.

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Debt glorification is not the only bad advice being peddled on the internet.

You can find finfluencers advising against diversified, low fee stock funds in favor of active trading (without disclosing research consistently showing active trading’s inferior returns). Or ones that discourage individual retirement accounts and 401(k) plans as savings vehicles in favor of real estate or business startups (without mentioning lost tax benefits as well as the heavy costs and expertise needed to manage real estate or high failure rates among young companies).

Some encourage making minimum payments on credit cards to free up money for speculative investments (without mentioning the hefty interest costs of carrying credit card balances which compound daily).

Why are so many young people turning to these unqualified social media personalities for help in managing their money instead of regulated and trained finance professionals?

One reason: the finfluencers make their advice entertaining. It may be wrong, but it’s short and punchy. Materials provided by regulated financial service providers can sometimes be dry and technical.

Where to get trustworthy money advice

Xavier Lorenzo | Moment | Getty Images

They may be boring, but regulated institutions are still the best resource for young people to get basic, free information.

FDIC-insured banks can explain to them how to open checking and savings accounts and avoid unnecessary fees. Any major brokerage firm can walk through how to set up a retirement saving account. It’s part of their function to explain their products and services, and they have regulators overseeing how they do it.

In addition, regulators themselves offer educational resources directly to the public. For young adults, one of the most widely used is Money Smart, offered by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation — an agency I once proudly chaired.

There are also many excellent regulated and certified financial planners. However, most young people will not have the budget to pay for financial advice. 

They don’t have to if they just keep it simple: set a budget, stick to it, save regularly, and start investing for retirement early in a low-fee, well-diversified stock index fund. They should minimize their use of financial products and services. The more accounts and credit cards they use, the harder it will be to keep track of their money.

Above all, they should ignore unqualified “finfluencers.” 

Check their credentials. Question their motives. Most are probably trying to build ad revenue or sell financial products. In the case of celebrities, find out who’s paying them (because most likely, someone is).

Regulated finance needs to reclaim its status as a more trustworthy source for advice. The best way to do that is, well, provide good advice. Every time a young adult is burnt by surprise bank fees, seduced into over borrowing by a misleading credit card offer, or told to put their retirement savings into a high fee, underperforming fund, they lose trust.

I know regulation and oversight are out of favor these days. But we need a way to keep out the bad actors, and practices to protect young people new to the financial world. It’s important to their financial futures and the future of the industry as well.

Sheila Bair is former Chair of the FDIC, author of the Money Tales book series, and the upcoming “How Not to Lose $1 Million” for teens. She is a member of CNBC’s Global Financial Wellness Advisory Board.

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Is this a good time to buy gold? Experts weigh in

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Tariff worries send gold to record high

Gold is often considered a safe-haven investment because it typically acts as a hedge in times of political and financial uncertainty. Prices are currently soaring amid fears of a global trade war and its potential to push the U.S. economy into recession.

However, some analysts think gold prices may have peaked.

“We’re probably close to maximum optimism on gold at this point,” said Sameer Samana, head of global equities and real assets at the Wells Fargo Investment Institute. Investors who chase returns may find themselves regretting it later.

“It’s so overbought,” Samana said. “Buying gold right now, you’re coming a little late to the party. It doesn’t mean it’s over, but you’re not early.”

So far this year, gold prices have notched more than a dozen record highs and are currently trading above $3,000.

Gold prices pop on tariff escalation

Gold futures prices were up about 21% year-to-date as of noon ET on Friday and 30% higher compared to the price a year ago. Prices have popped about 7% this week alone, on pace for the best week since March 2020.

By comparison, the S&P 500 is down about 11% in 2025 and up about 1% in the past year.

President Donald Trump imposed steep country-specific tariffs on Wednesday, but ultimately delayed them for 90 days. However, a trade war between the U.S. and China — our third-largest trade partner — escalated as each nation engaged in a tit-for-tat tariff increase.

As of Friday morning, the U.S. had put a 145% tariff on imports from China, which hit back with a 125% levy on U.S. goods.

While some analysts think gold prices are close to topping out, others think there’s room to run.

“Even though gold prices are at an all-time high, the reality is that in the next couple of years it could accelerate,” said Jordan Roy-Byrne, founder of The Daily Gold, an online resource for gold, silver and mining stocks.

How to invest in gold

Akos Stiller/Bloomberg via Getty Images

Experts often recommend getting investment exposure to gold through an exchange-traded fund that tracks the price of physical gold, as part of a well-diversified portfolio, rather than buying actual gold coins or bars.

“For most [investors], I would say a gold bullion-backed ETF makes the most sense,” Samana said. SPDR Gold Shares (GLD) and iShares Gold Trust (IAU) are the two largest gold ETFs, according to ETF.com.

Financial advisors generally recommend limiting gold exposure to the low-single-digit percentage, perhaps up to 3% or so, of one’s overall portfolio.

Gold tends to perform “okay” when investors are worried about inflation or stagflation, Samana said — fears sparked by the Trump administration’s recent tariff policies. However, it “rarely does well” during recessions, which is when bonds “really show their value,” he said.

Buying physical gold

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“Amidst the recent stock market turbulence, we’re seeing renewed interest in tangible, physical assets that exist outside traditional financial structures,” according to Tim Schmidt, the founder of Gold IRA Custodians, an online resource for buying gold.

But buying physical gold during uncertain times may not make much sense for investors unless they are extremely anxious the financial system might implode — at which point physical gold can theoretically help people barter for goods and services, Samana said.

Buying gold jewelry

Fine jewelry is a different story. The baseline value of gold jewelry is tied to its precious metal content, according to Schmidt. Higher-karat pieces, or 18K and up, contain more precious metal and typically retain value better, though they may be less durable for everyday wear.

“High-quality jewelry … can offer both personal enjoyment and potential financial benefits when selected carefully,” he said.

Craftsmanship and artistry also play a key role in pieces that could appreciate over time, particularly with hallmarks from top brands, such as Cartier, Van Cleef & Arpels and Tiffany & Co. 

Buying gold right now, you’re coming a little late to the party. It doesn’t mean it’s over, but you’re not early.

Sameer Samana

head of global equities and real assets at the Wells Fargo Investment Institute

One year ago, Tiffany’s chief executive officer Anthony Ledru said high-quality jewelry may even be considered “recession proof.”

“People have been investing in jewelry since ancient times,” Schmidt said. “There’s something psychologically reassuring about holding an investment in your hand, especially during periods when markets seem disconnected from economic realities.”

What financial advisors say about gold

Gold prices extended their gains on Wednesday, following a record high in the previous session, as investors sought the comfort of the safe-haven metal in anticipation of the potential impact of U.S. reciprocal tariffs.

Akos Stiller | Bloomberg | Getty Images

“We have clients who currently hold positions in gold. These are typically individuals with substantial assets across various industries and sectors, using gold as a means of portfolio diversification and balance,” said Winnie Sun, co-founder and managing director of Sun Group Wealth Partners, based in Irvine, California.

Even in the face of heightened uncertainty largely due to tariff-induced market swings, “we are not proactively recommending that clients add to their gold positions at this time,” said Sun, a member of CNBC’s Financial Advisor Council. “Instead, we suggest maintaining higher cash reserves, fully funding emergency savings, and reallocating as needed based on evolving financial goals.”

Lee Baker, a CFP based in Atlanta, says more clients are worried that tariffs will hinder economic growth and have recently been asking about alternative investments in gold. “Often during times of chaos there is a ‘flight to safety,’ so in a time like this we are seeing some movement to gold as a part of the fear trade.”

According to Baker, who is the founder, owner and president of Apex Financial Services and a member of CNBC’s FA Council, “incorporating gold, and other commodities, is a good idea in general.”

He recommends adding gold ETFs to client portfolios, although “there have been occasions where we have utilized gold stocks in the form of investing in mining companies or gold-related company mutual funds.”

As for physical gold, “if it makes you feel good to go grab an ounce at Costco or wherever, do it,” he said. But with that comes the additional responsibility and costs of storing, insuring and safekeeping those holdings, he added.

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