Personal Finance
How an emergency fund can alleviate financial stress
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Many young adults have financial stress, and experts say there’s a simple safety net that could help.
About 61% of surveyed Americans of ages 18 to 35 are financially stressed, according to a new Intuit survey. About 21% of respondents say their stress has gotten worse over the past year.
Some of the biggest stressors included high cost of living, job instability and growing housing costs. Of those who identified as financially stressed, 32% said handling unexpected emergencies like medical bills, car repairs and home maintenance trigger their anxiety with cash, the report found.
The site polled 2,000 adults of ages 18 to 35 in December.
Young adults lack a plan for money emergencies
Some of the stress can come from not having a plan — about 32% of all survey respondents admit they lack a clear strategy for managing money setbacks, Intuit found.
Almost half, or 45%, of the group say handling unexpected expenses was a challenge, and 29% have difficulty saving money.
A new report by Bankrate reflects a similar picture. The report found that older generations are more likely to say they could pay for an unexpected $1,000 emergency expense from their savings.
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About 59% of baby boomers, or those of ages 61 to 79, can pay for a $1,000 surprise expense from savings. The cohort is followed by 42% of Gen Xers, or of ages 45 to 60.
Yet, only 32% of millennials — ages 29 to 44 — and 28% of Gen Z adults — ages 18 to 28 — have the cash readily available, according to the survey, which polled 1,039 respondents ages 18 and older in early December.
“The youngest generations are those who are earliest in their financial journey,” said Mark Hamrick, a senior economic analyst at Bankrate.
‘Setting ourselves up for failure’ without savings
Financial emergencies can catch us by surprise, from needing a locksmith because you lost your keys to unexpectedly losing your job. The best thing you can do to prepare is have savings set aside and carefully using lines of credit, experts say.
“For emergencies, it’s really having that cash reserve in place. That is the financial plan,” said certified financial planner Clifford Cornell, an associate financial advisor at Bone Fide Wealth in New York City.
Having an emergency savings fund is like having a bulletproof vest, Hamrick explained.
“They won’t save you in all outcomes, but it’s a good start,” he said.
Many Gen Zers need to gear up. About 80% of the cohort are more likely than other generations to worry about not having enough money to cover living expenses if they lost their primary job, per Bankrate data.
That’s compared to 72% of millennials, 72% of Gen Xers and 58% of baby boomers.
“We’re really setting ourselves up for failure if we don’t have sufficient emergency savings,” Hamrick said.
How to start an emergency fund
Whether you can put away $10, $50 or $150 a month, the important part is to start building the habit of saving as soon as you can, Cornell said.
If you’re in the position where you haven’t put any thought to saving for unexpected costs, here’s where to start, according to experts:
1. Open a high-yield savings account
You want your emergency savings to sit in a highly-liquid account, or somewhere you can withdraw savings quickly and without penalties, experts say. To give your funds an extra boost, experts recommend a high-yield savings account.
While interest rates have come down from peak highs, the best high-yield savings accounts offer on average 4.31% annual percentage yields, or APYs, per Bankrate data.
To compare, traditional savings accounts offer a 0.51% APY on average nationwide, per DepositAccounts.
We’re really setting ourselves up for failure if we don’t have sufficient emergency savings.
Mark Hamrick
senior economic analyst at Bankrate
For every $1,000 you add into a HYSA, you can earn about $40 a year in interest at those rates. While $40 doesn’t sound like a lot at first blush, it’s significantly higher than what you’d earn in a traditional savings account, Cornell said.
There are many HYSAs available. As you consider your options, you want to double-check the one you pick is FDIC-insured, which protects your deposits at insured banks and savings associations if the company fails.
2. Calculate how much you can save every month
Figuring out how much cash you can save will depend on how much money you earn versus spend in a given month, Cornell said.
Some rules of thumb can be good starting points. For instance, the 50-30-20 rule is a budget framework that allocates 50% of your income toward essentials like housing, food and utilities, 30% toward “wants” or discretionary spending and the remaining 20% to savings and investments.
Yet, it’s not easy to follow, especially for a young person starting out their career — saving 20% of their income can be a tall order, Cornell said.
It’s fine to start off with less, and look for opportunities in your budget to save more. For example, saving part of an annual raise or tax refund.
3. Set a goal
First aim for three months’ worth of expenses as a goal, Cornell said. Once you meet that goal, consider the next: advisors often recommend you ultimately have three to six months, but some people may benefit from even more. In some cases, it’s a year or more.
Imagine having enough cash that can sustain you during a long stretch of unemployment: “It’s kind of like a pillow or a safety blanket,” he said.
The more variable your income — say, if you depend on commissions or bonuses, or your income fluctuates every month — the more savings you’ll need to hold you over in case something comes up, Cornell said.
Keep in mind that coming up with enough savings to tide you over for three months can take a long time. While saving so much can be daunting, experts say even having a small buffer of a few hundred dollars can help.
For instance, the Federal Reserve measures how many adults are able to cover a $400 emergency cost, a much lower benchmark.
Even a small level of savings may be enough to cover minor emergencies, or help offset how much you need to borrow.
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Nearly 2 million federal student loan borrowers who’ve requested to be in an affordable repayment plan are stuck in a backlog of applications, waiting to be approved or denied, according to new data recently shared by the U.S. Department of Education.
The Education Department disclosed the information in a May 15 court filing in response to a legal challenge lodged by the American Federation of Teachers. The teachers’ union sued the Trump administration in March for shutting down access to income-driven repayment plan applications on the Education Department’s website.
IDR plans cap borrowers’ monthly bills at a share of their discretionary income with the aim of making their payments manageable.
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In late March, the Trump administration made the online applications available again, and said that it pulled the forms because it needed to make sure all repayment plans complied with a court order that blocked the Biden administration’s new IDR plan, known as SAVE, or the Saving on a Valuable Education plan.
Trump officials argued that the ruling had broader implications for other IDR plans, and it ended up removing the loan forgiveness component under some of the options.
The backlog complicates things for borrowers as the Trump administration restarts collection activity. The Education Department estimates that nearly 10 million people could be in default on their student loans within months.
Without access to an affordable repayment plan, student loan borrowers can be suspended on their timeline to loan forgiveness and at risk of falling behind and facing collection activity.
‘The opposite of government efficiency’
In the May court document, the Education Department disclosed that more than 1.98 million IDR applications remained pending as of the end of April. Only roughly 79,000 requests had been approved or denied during that month.
Consumer advocates slammed the findings.
“This filing confirms what borrowers have known for months: Their applications for loan relief have effectively been going into a void,” said Winston Berkman-Breen, legal director at the Student Borrower Protection Center.
The Center said that if the Education Department continued to move at its current rate, it would take more than two years to process the existing applications.
AFT President Randi Weingarten called the backlog “outrageous and unacceptable.”
“This is the opposite of government efficiency,” Weingarten said. “Millions of borrowers are being denied their legal right to an affordable repayment option.”
What’s behind the backlog
A spokesperson for the Education Dept. blamed the backlog on the Biden administration, saying that it “failed to process income-driven repayment applications for borrowers, artificially masking rising delinquency and default rates and promising illegal student loan forgiveness to win points with voters.”
“The Trump Administration is actively working with federal student loan servicers and hopes to clear the Biden backlog over the next few months,” they said.
The Biden administration put the student loan borrowers who’d enrolled in its new IDR plan, SAVE, into an interest-free forbearance while the GOP-led legal challenges to the program unfolded. Many of the currently pending IDR requests are likely from borrowers who are trying to leave that blocked plan to get into an available one.
Sarah Sattlemeyer, a project director at New America and senior advisor under the Biden administration, said that the current backlog began last year “and has existed across both the Biden and Trump administrations” as a result of the legal battle over the SAVE plan.
“It is a demonstration of how complicated the loan system is, how much uncertainty there has been over the last few years and what is at stake,” Sattlemeyer said. “There also isn’t clarity around how some applications in the backlog should or will be handled, such as those where a borrower chose an option that no longer exists on the application.”
In recent months, the Trump administration has terminated around half of the Education Department’s staff, including many of the people who helped assist borrowers.
That is also likely one reason why so many of the applications haven’t been processed, said higher education expert Mark Kantrowitz.
“Perhaps the reduction in staff is affecting their ability to process the forms,” Kantrowitz said.
The Trump administration’s resumption of collection efforts on defaulted federal student loans has far-reaching consequences for delinquent borrowers.
For starters, borrowers who are in default may have wages, tax returns and Social Security payments garnished.
But involuntary collections could also have a “spillover effect,” which puts consumers at risk of falling behind on other debt repayments, according to a recent report from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York,
As collection activity restarts, disposable income falls
“We were obviously somewhat concerned about potential spillovers to delinquencies on other types of debt,” the New York Fed researchers said on a press call earlier this month.
“During the period where people were not required to make payments on their student loans, they could have used that money to pay their credit card bills and auto loans,” the researchers said. “Now they have to make these payments again on their student loans, so that could put pressure on their ability to pay these other loans.”
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The U.S. Department of Education’s crack down on student loan repayments could take billions of dollars out of consumers’ pockets, reports show. Monthly collections on defaulted loans may reduce disposable personal income between $3.1 billion to $8.5 billion a month, according to research by JPMorgan.
“Part of the reason that some people are adding to credit card debt is because they have student loan payments — that’s the spillover effect,” said Ted Rossman, senior industry analyst at Bankrate. “Something’s got to give.”
‘It’s just money that can’t go to other financial things’
Until earlier this month, the Department of Education had not collected on defaulted student loans since March 2020. After the Covid pandemic-era pause on federal student loan payments expired in September 2023, the Biden administration offered borrowers another year in which they would be shielded from the impacts of missed payments. That on-ramp officially ended on Sept. 30, 2024, and the Education Department restarted collection efforts on defaulted student loans on May 5.
Whether borrowers face garnishment, or opt to resume payments to get current on their loan, that’s likely to have a significant impact on their wallet.
“It’s just money that can’t go to other financial things,” said Matt Schulz, chief credit analyst at LendingTree.
After the five-year pause ended and collections are resumed, the delinquency rate for student loan balances spiked, the New York Fed found. Nearly 8% of total student debt was reported as 90 days past due in the first quarter of 2025, compared to less than 1% in the previous quarter.
Currently, around 42 million Americans hold federal student loans and roughly 5.3 million borrowers are in default, according to the Education Department. Another 4 million borrowers are in “late-stage delinquency,” or over 90 days past due on payments.
Among borrowers who are now required to make payments — not including those who are in deferment or forbearance or are currently enrolled in school — nearly one in four student loan borrowers are behind in their payments, the New York Fed found.
As borrowers transition out of forbearance and into repayment, those borrowers may also face challenges making payments, according to a separate research note by Bank of America. “This transition will likely drive delinquencies and defaults on student loans higher and could have further knock-on effects for consumer finance companies,” Bank of America analyst Mihir Bhatia wrote to clients on May 15.
In a blog post, the New York Fed researchers noted that “it is unclear whether these penalties will spill over into payment difficulties in other credit products, but we will continue to monitor this space in the coming months.”
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