Tariffs on Canada and Mexico took effect Tuesday — and they’re bound to raise prices for consumers, sometimes in unexpected ways, according to economists.

Tariffs are a tax on foreign imports, paid by the United States entity importing a particular good.

President Trump on Tuesday imposed a 25% tariff on Canada and Mexico, the two largest trading partners of the United States. Trump set a lower 10% tariff on Canadian energy.

Businesses typically pass along some of the additional cost of tariffs to consumers, economists said.

Certain products like fruits and vegetables from Mexico and oil from Canada — which are among their major exports to the U.S. — will get more expensive as a result, economists said.

But there are also far-reaching impacts across supply chains that aren’t as clear-cut, they said.

“Tariffs create ripple effects that move through complex supply chains in ways that aren’t always obvious,” Travis Tokar, professor of supply chain management at Texas Christian University, wrote in an e-mail.

Such dynamics make it challenging to predict precise product and price impacts, Tokar said.

For example, take a fast-food chicken sandwich. While none of its ingredients may come directly from Canada or Mexico, the aluminum foil used in its packaging might — driving up costs that could be passed on to consumers, Tokar said.

Nearly everything consumers buy is transported by trucks fueled by refined oil products — meaning the impact of tariffs on Canadian crude oil “could be much broader than it appears at first glance,” Tokar said.

The U.S. sources almost half of its foreign fuel from Canada, according to the Peterson Institute for International Economics.

“Costs eventually have to go through the supply chain” to the end consumer, said Mary Lovely, a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics.

The U.S. traded $1.6 trillion of goods with Canada and Mexico in 2024, accounting for more than 30% of total U.S. trade, according to Census Bureau data as of December.

Tariffs on Canada and Mexico are expected to cost the average American household $930 in 2026, according to a January analysis by the Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center.

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The levies would cost the typical household $1,200 a year after also accounting for tariffs on China, according to a PIIE analysis. (The analysis only considered a 10% tariff on Chinese imports that Trump imposed in February; he put another 10% tariff in place Tuesday.)

That PIIE assessment of consumer impact is “conservative,” said Lovely.

For one, it doesn’t factor how domestic manufacturers would likely respond to less foreign competition, she said.

“These tariffs will increase the price of imported goods,” and domestic producers would likely raise their prices to “match” those of their foreign counterparts, said Alexander Field, an economics professor at Santa Clara University.

All told, Canada and Mexico tariffs could add almost $6,000 to the cost of a car, according to an estimate from investment bank Benchmark Co. in February. That dynamic is expected to drive up car insurance premiums.

“This will be hugely disruptive for the auto industry,” said Douglas Irwin, an economics professor at Dartmouth College and author of “Clashing over Commerce: A History of U.S. Trade Policy.”

Brian Cornell, the CEO of Target, said Mexico tariffs could force the company to raise prices on fruits and vegetables — including strawberries, avocados and bananas — within a few days.

Food prices overall would rise nearly 2% in the short term, according to a Yale budget Lab analysis of Canada, Mexico and China tariffs. Fresh produce prices would rise almost 3%.

Construction materials are also a big export from Canada — including more than 40% of U.S. imports of wood products, according to PIIE.

“If you’re doing a renovation this summer, you’re kind of out of luck,” Lovely said.

Big corporations may be in a position to absorb some of the tariff cost, instead of passing on everything to consumers, Lovely said. But agricultural producers may not be in a position to do that, for example, since there are often “very low margins across the supply chain,” she said.

Even businesses that absorb some of the cost — to avoid immediate sticker shock for consumers — means they have less profit to invest in new equipment, hire workers or develop new products, which creates an “economic drag that is less visible but still significant,” Tokar said.

Consumers would also be impacted by foreign retaliation on U.S. trade — something to which officials in Mexico, Canada and China have already committed.

“You don’t put these kinds of tariffs in place without expecting retaliation, and that’s happening right now,” said Field.

Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau on Tuesday announced a 25% levy on C$30 billion worth of U.S. imports, effective immediately. Tariffs on another C$125 billion in U.S. goods will take effect in 21 days, he said.

Trump responded to the measures Tuesday by vowing additional tariffs on Canada.

Ontario will impose a 25% tax on electricity it exports to 1.5 million homes in Minnesota, Michigan and New York in retaliation to Trump’s tariffs, Doug Ford, the province’s leader, told The Wall Street Journal.

China also announced retaliatory tariffs of up to 15% targeted at U.S. agriculture. U.S. corn will face a 15% levy, while soybeans will be hit with a 10% duty, for example. Mexican President Claudia Sheinbaum plans to announce retaliatory measures on Sunday.