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Taxes may be a blind spot in your investment portfolio

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A lack of attention to taxes may be costing investors big bucks.

Many investors are probably familiar with the concept of asset allocation, which entails selecting the right mix of stocks and bonds (say, 60/40) to balance investment risk and return.

But where those assets are held — i.e., the types of accounts in which stocks and bonds are located — is perhaps just as important, especially for wealthier investors, according to financial advisors.

This “asset location” strategy aims to minimize taxes, thereby boosting investors’ after-tax returns.

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“Wealthier people should be as focused on tax allocation as they are on asset allocation,” said Ted Jenkin, a certified financial planner based in Atlanta and a member of CNBC’s Advisor Council. “And they’re not.”

Asset location “really starts to make sense” once investors’ income is high enough to put them in the 24% federal marginal income tax bracket, said Jenkin, founder of oXYGen Financial.

In 2024, the 24% bracket starts at roughly $100,000 of taxable income for single people and about $201,000 for married couples filing a joint tax return.

Why asset location works

Asset location leverages two basic principles, according to Connor McGuire, a CFP at Vanguard Personal Advisor.

For one, not all investment accounts are taxed the same way.

There are three main account types:

  • Tax-deferred. These include traditional (i.e., pre-tax) individual retirement accounts and 401(k) plans. Investors defer tax on contributions but pay later upon withdrawal.
  • Tax-exempt. These include Roth IRAs and 401(k) plans. Investors pay tax up front, but not later upon withdrawal.
  • Taxable. These include traditional brokerage accounts. Investors pay tax when earning dividends or interest, or upon sale if there’s a profit.

Additionally, investment income is taxed differently depending on the asset type, McGuire said.

For example, interest income is taxed at an investor’s ordinary income tax rates. The highest earners might pay 37% or more on such interest.

But profits on investments like stocks held for more than one year are generally taxed at a lower federal rate. These long-term capital gains tax rates are 15% for many investors and 20% for the highest earners (plus any surcharges), McGuire said.

It can save you lots of money

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How to do it

Investors should use asset location within the framework of their appropriate asset allocation, such as a 60/40 stock-bond mix, advisors explain.

Many bonds and bond funds are generally more appropriate for tax-deferred or tax-exempt accounts, they said.

“Earnings from bond investments are mostly interest and taxed at ordinary income tax rates, meaning a hit of up to 37% plus any surcharges for high-income investors,” McGuire said. “So you want those bonds to be sheltered.”

Certain stock investments, like stock funds that are “super-actively managed” and generate ample short-term capital gains, also generally belong in tax-preferred accounts, Keebler said.

(Short-term capital gains are taxes on investments held for one year or less. They’re taxed as ordinary income instead of the preferential long-term rates.)

High-growth investments likely belong in a Roth instead of pre-tax retirement account, since investors wouldn’t pay tax on earnings later, Keebler said. (This assumes investors follow the appropriate Roth withdrawal rules.)

Wealthier people should be as focused on tax allocation as they are on asset allocation. And they’re not.

Ted Jenkin

CFP and founder of oXYGen Financial

Individual stocks that investors buy and hold for long-term growth, and stock funds with less frequent internal trading (generally, index funds instead of actively managed ones), are generally better-suited for taxable accounts, advisors said.

Municipal bonds are also generally more appropriate in taxable accounts, advisors said. That’s because their interest is exempt from federal tax.

Additional things to consider

Investors must weigh the particularities of each account type. For example, it may be tougher to access funds from a retirement account before age 59½ relative to a taxable account.

The benefits of diversifying across different account types go beyond investing, too.

For example, withdrawals from pre-tax 401(k) plans and IRAs generally count as taxable income and could therefore trigger higher Medicare Part B and Part D premiums. Withdrawing instead from a Roth account could help prevent those higher premiums, since distributions in retirement generally don’t count as taxable income.

Additionally, it’s impossible to know what tax rates and account taxation will be like decades from now, Jenkin said.

Having money in various accounts will provide tax flexibility n the future, he added.

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Social Security plans to cut about 7,000 workers. That may affect benefits

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The Social Security Administration office in Brownsville, Texas.

Robert Daemmrich Photography Inc | Corbis Historical | Getty Images

The Social Security Administration plans to shed 7,000 employees as the Trump administration looks for ways to cut federal spending.

The agency on Friday confirmed the figure — which will bring its total staff down to 50,000 from 57,000.

Previous reports that the Social Security Administration planned for a 50% reduction to its headcount are “false,” the agency said.

Nevertheless, the aim of 7,000 job cuts has prompted concerns about the agency’s ability to continue to provide services, particularly benefit payments, to tens of millions of older Americans when its staff is already at a 50-year low.

“It’s going to extend the amount of time that it takes for them to have their claim processed,” said Greg Senden, a paralegal analyst who has worked at the Social Security Administration for 27 years.

“It’s going to extend the amount of time that they have to wait to get benefits,” said Senden, who also helps the American Federation of Government Employees oversee Social Security employees in six central states.

Officials at the White House and the Social Security Administration were not available for comment at press time.

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The Social Security Administration on Friday said it anticipates “much of” the staff reductions needed to reach its target will come from resignations, retirement and offers for Voluntary Separation Incentive Payments, or VSIP. 

More reductions could come from “reduction-in-force actions that could include abolishment of organizations and positions” or reassignments to other positions, the agency said. Federal agencies must submit their reduction-in-force plans by March 13 to the Office of Personnel Management for approval.

Cuts may affect benefit payments, experts say

Former Social Security Administration Commissioner Martin O’Malley last week told CNBC.com that the continuity of benefit payments could be at risk for the first time in the program’s history.

“Ultimately, you’re going to see the system collapse and an interruption of benefits,” O’Malley said. “I believe you will see that within the next 30 to 90 days.”

Other experts say the changes could affect benefits, though it remains to be seen exactly how.

“It’s unclear to me whether the staff cuts are more likely to result in an interruption of benefits, or an increase in improper payments,” said Charles Blahous, senior research strategist at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University and a former public trustee for Social Security and Medicare.

Improper payments happen when the agency either overpays or underpays benefits due to inaccurate information.

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With fewer staff, the Social Security Administration will have to choose between making sure all claims are processed, which may lead to more improper payments, or avoiding those errors, which could lead to processing delays, Blahous said.

Disability benefits, which require more agency staff attention both to process initial claims and to continue to verify beneficiaries are eligible, may be more susceptible to errors compared to retirement benefits, he added.

Cuts may have minimal impact on trust funds

Under the Trump administration, Social Security also plans to consolidate its geographic footprint to four regions down from 10 regional offices, the agency said on Friday.

Ultimately, it remains to be seen how much savings the overall reforms will generate.

The Social Security Administration’s funding for administrative costs comes out of its trust funds, which are also used to pay benefits. Based on current projections, the trust funds will be depleted in the next decade and Social Security will not be able to pay full benefits at that time, unless Congress acts sooner.

The efforts to cut costs at the Social Security Administration would likely only help the trust fund solvency “in some miniscule way,” said Andrew Biggs, senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute and former principal deputy commissioner of the Social Security Administration.

What President Donald Trump is likely looking to do broadly is reset the baseline on government spending and employment, he said.

“I’m not disagreeing with the idea that the agency could be more efficient,” Biggs said. “I just wonder whether you can come up with that by cutting the positions first and figuring out how to have the efficiencies later.”

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Student loan borrowers pursuing PSLF are ‘panicking.’ Here’s what to know

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Students walk through the University of Texas at Austin on February 22, 2024 in Austin, Texas. 

Brandon Bell | Getty Images

As the Trump administration overhauls the student loan system, many borrowers pursuing the Public Service Loan Forgiveness program are worried about its future.

“There’s a lot of panicking by PSLF borrowers due to the uncertainty,” said higher education expert Mark Kantrowitz.

PSLF, which President George W. Bush signed into law in 2007, allows certain not-for-profit and government employees to have their federal student loans canceled after 10 years of payments.

Here’s what borrowers in the program need to know about recent changes affecting the program.

IDR repayment plan applications down

Some borrowers’ PSLF progress has stalled

While the legal challenges against SAVE were playing out, the Biden administration paused the payments for enrollees through a forbearance, as well as the accrual of any interest.

Unlike the payment pause during the pandemic, borrowers in this forbearance aren’t getting credit toward their required 120 payments for loan forgiveness under PSLF. It’s unclear when the forbearance will end.

But while the applications for other IDR plans remain unavailable, borrowers in SAVE are stuck on their timeline toward loan forgiveness, Kantrowitz said. If you were on an IDR plan other than SAVE, you will continue to get credit during this period if you’re making payments and working in eligible employment.

The Education Department is now tweaking the applications to make sure all their repayment plans comply with the new court order, an agency spokesperson told CNBC last week.

It will likely be months before the Department has reworked all the applications and made them available again, Kantrowitz said.

Those who switch to the Standard plan will continue to get PSLF credit, but the payments are often too high for those working in the public sector or for a nonprofit to afford, experts said.

‘Buy back’ opportunity can help

While it’s frustrating not to be inching toward loan forgiveness for the time being, an option down the road may help, said Betsy Mayotte, president of The Institute of Student Loan Advisors, a nonprofit.

The Education Department’s Buyback opportunity lets people pay for certain months that didn’t count, if doing so brings them up to 120 qualifying payments.

For example, time spent in forbearances or deferments that suspended your progress can essentially be cashed in for qualifying payments.

The extra payment must total at least as much as what you have paid monthly under an IDR plan, according to Studentaid.gov.

Borrowers who’ve now been pursuing PSLF for 10 years or more should put in their buyback request sooner than later, Kantrowitz said.

“The benefit is likely to be eliminated by the Trump administration,” he said.

Keep records

Borrowers have already long complained of inaccurate payment counts under the PSLF program. While the student loan repayment options are tweaked, people could see more errors, Kantrowitz said.

“A borrower’s payment history and other student loan details are more likely to get corrupted during a transition,” he said.

As a result, he said, those pursuing PSLF should print out a copy of their payment history on StudentAid.gov.

“It would also be a good idea to create a spreadsheet showing all of the qualifying payments so they have their own count,” Kantrowitz said.

With the PSLF help tool, borrowers can search for a list of qualifying employers and access the employer certification form. Try to fill out this form at least once a year, Kantrowitz added.

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Treasury Department halts enforcement of BOI reporting for businesses

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The US Treasury building in Washington, DC, US, on Monday, Jan. 27, 2025. 

Stefani Reynolds | Bloomberg | Getty Images

The U.S. Department of the Treasury on Sunday announced it won’t enforce the penalties or fines associated with the Biden-era “beneficial ownership information,” or BOI, reporting requirements for millions of domestic businesses. 

Enacted via the Corporate Transparency Act in 2021 to fight illicit finance and shell company formation, BOI reporting requires small businesses to identify who directly or indirectly owns or controls the company to the Treasury’s Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, known as FinCEN.

After previous court delays, the Treasury in late February set a March 21 deadline to comply or risk civil penalties of up to $591 a day, adjusted for inflation, or criminal fines of up to $10,000 and up to two years in prison. The reporting requirements could apply to roughly 32.6 million businesses, according to federal estimates.     

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The rule was enacted to “make it harder for bad actors to hide or benefit from their ill-gotten gains through shell companies or other opaque ownership structures,” according to FinCEN.

In addition to not enforcing BOI penalties and fines, the Treasury said it would issue a proposed regulation to apply the rule to foreign reporting companies only. 

President Donald Trump praised the news in a Truth Social post on Sunday night, describing the reporting rule as “outrageous and invasive” and “an absolute disaster” for small businesses.

Other experts say the Treasury’s decision could have ramifications for national security.

“This decision threatens to make the United States a magnet for foreign criminals, from drug cartels to fraudsters to terrorist organizations,” Scott Greytak, director of advocacy for anticorruption organization Transparency International U.S., said in a statement.

Greg Iacurci contributed to this reporting.

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