Connect with us

Accounting

The future of accounting is semantic spreadsheets

Published

on

Charles Hoffman, a trailblazer in the field of accounting, has been at the forefront of technological change since the early days of digital transformation. In a recent conversation, Hoffman shared his journey and vision for the future of accounting and auditing, highlighting how the industry is poised for a major shift toward machine-understandable artifacts and semantic knowledge graphs.

Hoffman’s career began in 1982 as an auditor with Price Waterhouse. “Back then, everything was paper based,” he recalled. “But within three months, I was already moving those same working papers and schedules into VisiCalc and then Lotus 1-2-3. I would create them electronically, print them out, and tape them into the audit bundles.” The introduction of the Compaq luggable computer, he noted, made electronic spreadsheets even more compelling.

Fast forward to today. Hoffman points out that while accounting and audit documentation is now 100% digital, it still mirrors its paper origins in fundamental ways. “Most working papers are just digital proxies — Excel spreadsheets, Word documents, PDFs and sometimes HTML. They’re presentation-oriented and not truly understandable by machine-based processes,” he explained.

What are semantic spreadsheets?

A semantic spreadsheet is a revolutionary advancement that combines the familiar structure of a traditional spreadsheet with the power of semantic technology. Unlike conventional spreadsheets, where the data is presented as isolated cells and rows, semantic spreadsheets encode meaning and context directly into the data.

How semantic spreadsheets work

Each cell in a semantic spreadsheet carries metadata that describes the data it contains, such as its type, relationships to other data, and its role within a broader framework. For instance, a cell containing “$1,000” would not only indicate the amount but also specify that it represents “Revenue,” linked to a specific period and financial statement.

Data in semantic spreadsheets is interconnected, forming a graph of relationships rather than isolated rows and columns. This structure mirrors how data is understood in databases and knowledge graphs.

The metadata and relationships are encoded in a machine-readable format, such as XBRL, RDF or JSON-LD. This allows software to understand and process the data intelligently, enabling automation, validation and advanced analytics.

Benefits of semantic spreadsheets

Data from a semantic spreadsheet can seamlessly integrate with other systems, such as databases or ERP systems, without the need for manual reformatting or interpretation. By embedding meaning and rules, semantic spreadsheets can automatically flag inconsistencies or errors in the data, reducing the risk of human error.

Semantic spreadsheets enable advanced querying and analysis. Users can ask complex questions like: “Show me all revenue entries over $10,000 linked to product sales in Q1,” and get immediate answers. Every entry in a semantic spreadsheet is linked to its origin and context, creating a transparent and traceable audit trail.

Imagine an accounting firm using a semantic spreadsheet to prepare a financial report. Instead of manually consolidating data from various sources, the spreadsheet pulls structured data from interconnected systems. Auditors can validate the report by running automated checks that verify compliance with standards like U.S. GAAP or IFRS. The entire process is faster, more accurate and less labor-intensive.

Moving toward machine-readable accounting

Hoffman believes the next major evolution in the field is inevitable: accounting and audit documents will become machine-readable and, more importantly, machine understandable. “These artifacts will no longer just represent static documents. They’ll be dynamic, serving as proxies for databases and knowledge bases,” he said. “Both humans and machines will be able to interrogate these artifacts seamlessly.”

To illustrate, Hoffman pointed to the concept of “semantic spreadsheets” or what he refers to as “knowledge graphs.” These tools aim to integrate accounting, auditing and analytical processes into frameworks that are semantically rich and computationally robust. Hoffman has detailed this approach in works such as Special Purpose Logical Spreadsheets for Accountants and The Case for Semantic-Oriented Accounting and Audit Working Papers.

Overcoming the challenges of transformation

Hoffman acknowledged that the shift requires a significant mindset change. “Trying to understand this evolution using today’s mental framework won’t work,” he said. Quoting Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella, he added, “‘The ‘work’ in ‘workflow’ is undergoing a fundamental change.'”

While Hoffman has already developed prototypes using XBRL to demonstrate the potential of semantic-oriented working papers, he likens their current state to the Wright Flyer. “These prototypes may be rudimentary, but they’re a starting point. Over time, they’ll evolve into something as advanced as the SR-71 Blackbird,” he explained.

Why semantic accounting will succeed

When asked why he’s so confident in this vision, Hoffman provided several reasons:

The double-entry foundation: “Double-entry bookkeeping is a mathematical model that’s been globally standardized since Luca Pacioli documented it in 1494,” Hoffman said. “The semantics are universal, and financial reporting standards like U.S. GAAP and IFRS provide a solid foundation.”

Technology options: While XBRL is a leading contender for the required syntax, Hoffman mentioned alternatives like RDF+OWL+SHACL+SPARQL (the semantic web stack), ISO Graph Query Language (GQL), and modern PROLOG. “Each has advantages, but the goal remains the same,” he noted.

Market-driven demand: “Accountants and auditors will adopt tools that help them do their jobs better, faster and cheaper,” Hoffman emphasized. “The key is creating intuitive, effective software—a challenge that will require collaboration across multiple disciplines.”

Expert collaboration: “This isn’t just a technical problem; it’s a communications problem,” he said. “It will take accountants, IT professionals, computer scientists and knowledge engineers working together to create solutions.”

Building the future, one brick at a time

Hoffman described the development process as deliberate and iterative, much like building a brick wall. “It’s not just about having the right bricks and mortar,” he said. “It’s about craftsmanship—having the right experts who know how to assemble the pieces correctly.”

Quoting legendary hockey star Wayne Gretzky, Hoffman concluded, “You must skate to where the puck is going, not to where it has been. The future of accounting lies in creating tools that anticipate and address tomorrow’s needs. The status quo is doomed.”

For Hoffman, the path forward is clear: The industry is on the cusp of a transformation that will redefine how accountants and auditors interact with data. Semantic accounting is no longer a distant vision, it’s a practical reality waiting to unfold.

Continue Reading
Click to comment

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Accounting

Ramp announces availability of business and investment accounts for users

Published

on

Spend management solution provider Ramp announced the release of Ramp Treasury, which can act as a business or investment account for users. 

Specifically, Ramp Treasury lets businesses store cash in a business account that earns 2.5% interest, or in an investment account with the potential for higher yields, all within the same platform they already use to pay their bills. 

Users can create as many business accounts as they need versus having to juggle multiple accounts and passwords. They can also set a target balance for their Ramp Business Account and top up from their checking account. Upon opening a Ramp Business Account, Ramp will pay users a monthly cash reward, calculated as a percentage of their deposited funds. They begin earning on the first dollar they deposit, and there is no cap to how much they can earn. Earnings are disbursed automatically by Ramp each month. Earnings are paid as cash, versus statement credits or rewards requiring redemption. Instead, the customer can transfer earnings from their Ramp Business Account to be used as cash elsewhere.

Customers can transfer funds in and out of a Ramp Business Account via externally linked commercial or business bank accounts. Funds that are moved may settle as quickly as the same day, but could take as long as five business days. Funds in a Ramp Business Account can be used to pay Ramp statements, Ramp Bill Pay and employee reimbursements. Payments to Ramp statements settle instantly. At this time, the Business Account cannot be used to deposit checks, receive external payments, receive transfers from bank accounts that are not linked to Ramp, or make payments outside of the Ramp platform.

The Ramp Investment Account, meanwhile, allows businesses to invest cash in the Invesco Premier U.S. Government Money Portfolio (FUGXX), a money market fund. Securities products and brokerage services are provided by Apex Clearing Corporation, an SEC-registered broker-dealer. The Investment Account is not a deposit product, not insured by the FDIC, and may lose value.

The launch is part of Ramp’s ambitions to automate more areas of the financial tech stack beyond payments.

“The old treasury playbook meant either constant micromanaging of cash positions and payment dates … or just accepting you’ll lose out on interest. The new playbook is refreshingly simple: let technology do the heavy lifting, so you don’t have to,” said Ramp CEO Eric Glyman. “This is why we created Ramp in the first place. We find every cent you deserve so you can focus on moving your business forward. It’s all about the timeless principle of making every dollar and hour work harder, and go farther.”

While the service acts a lot like a bank account, Ramp is not a bank and therefore is not subject to all the same rules and regulations of a bank (though the accounts are FDIC insured, according to the website). The Business Account is a deposit account offered through First Internet Bank of Indiana, which is the one who provides the bank services. There are no account opening or management fees, no deposit minimums, and no withdrawal restrictions. 

Ramp Treasury allows for unlimited same-day ACH, international wires and domestic wires. It also offers alerts before funds are low or if cash is available to invest. The solution provides support for fully integrated workflows from beginning to end, meaning that cash transfers and earnings automatically sync with a connected ERP system and get categorized in the correct general ledger accounts. The security features allow only authorized people to transfer or release money, and the software provides a comprehensive audit trail. Ramp also makes Ramp for Accounting Firms.

Continue Reading

Accounting

FinQuery announces new CEO, COO, executive chairman

Published

on

Accounting and contract management solutions provider FinQuery announced a major reshuffle of its executive team, including a new CEO, COO and executive chairman. Joe Schab—the president and chief operating officer—has been appointed to the role of chief executive officer, effective immediately. 

“It’s an honor to be appointed CEO of FinQuery,” said Schab. “I’m incredibly proud of the positive impact we’ve made on our customers, helping them simplify complex accounting processes and gain unparalleled visibility into their committed spend. I’m eager to continue building on this success and deliver even more impactful solutions that meet their evolving needs.”

Meanwhile, George Azih, founder and now-former CEO, will transition to the role of founder and executive chairman, where he will continue to provide strategic guidance and support the company’s growth.

“Joe has been an invaluable partner in building FinQuery into the successful company it is today,” said Azih. “A deep understanding of the technology industry coupled with his strategic vision and operational expertise make him the ideal leader to guide FinQuery through its next phase of growth. I am confident that under Joe’s leadership, FinQuery will continue to innovate and deliver exceptional value to our customers.”

In addition to Schab’s promotion, FinQuery also announced the promotion of Justin Smith from chief financial officer to both CFO and COO. Smith will assume responsibility for overseeing the company’s financial and operational performance. It is unknown who the replacement CEO will be. 

Overall, according to Azih, these changeups in the leadership reflect a natural evolution in people’s roles through the years. 

“This transition is about aligning titles with the roles that have already been shaping FinQuery’s success,” he said. “Joe has been serving as president and COO for several years, playing a pivotal role in driving our strategy and operations. His promotion to CEO is a natural evolution, recognizing his outstanding leadership and vision. Similarly, Justin’s move into the dual roles of CFO and COO reflects how closely these two functions have become aligned in recent years, as we prioritize both financial strategy and operational excellence to deliver greater value to our customers. As I step into the role of executive chairman, my focus will remain on guiding FinQuery’s strategic vision while empowering this exceptional team to continue simplifying complex accounting processes for our customers.” 

FinQuery, formerly LeaseQuery, has spent the last few years growing well beyond its original focus on lease accounting, prompting a rebrand early last year. The transition to FinQuery mirrors the company’s expanded vision toward providing comprehensive financial solutions. While lease accounting software remains a core part of its offering, FinQuery represents a more holistic approach to financial management. To this end, the company recently released a prepaid and accrual accounting solution as well as a contract management solution.

Continue Reading

Accounting

State tax changes predicted for 2025

Published

on

More states are expected to simplify their sales tax laws and leverage artificial intelligence for doing tax audits, according to a new report from Avalara, a provider of tax compliance technology.

The annual Avalara Tax Changes report for 2025, released Tuesday, predicts this could be the year for meaningful simplification in home rule states like Colorado. In home rule states, cities, counties and other local government entities have the authority to administer local sales tax, including auditing businesses, creating their own forms, and defining terms differently from the state. That can lead to more sales tax complexity for businesses selling into those states. The report noted that a handful of home rule states — Colorado, Alabama, Louisiana, Arizona, and Alaska — are making moves toward simplification, though businesses selling into home rule states still face a heavier tax compliance burden.

States are also starting to turn to AI to help with tax audits, just as the Internal Revenue Service has begun to do. New York’s State Department of Taxation and Finance has employed AI since 2022 to increase audits, even with fewer auditors. The state is reportedly “sending out hundreds of thousands of AI-generated letters looking for revenue,” and getting results.

The report also looks at state tax nexus issues for cross-border transactions. As of December 2024, in 22 states, having only $100,000 in annual sales is enough to give a remote retailer a sales tax obligation. In another 20 states, the economic nexus threshold is $100,000 in sales or 200 sales transactions. However, the transaction threshold is losing ground, with 13 states having already eliminated it. Alaska dropped it, effective Jan. 1, 2025, while New Jersey is moving to drop it in 2025. 

“States rarely comment on how they choose someone to audit or how they conduct audits,” said Scott Peterson, vice president of U.S. tax policy at Avalara, in a statement. “But it’s very safe to say they have long used tools to help in both and AI should be a natural fit.”

The report also examines the rise of e-invoicing internationally and in the U.S., in which businesses are more frequently required to submit electronic versions of audit files, invoices, credit notes, debit notes, and payment receipt data to tax authorities. In addition, it covers the phased-in threshold for Form 1099-K reporting of gig economy payments, along with other topics.

Continue Reading

Trending