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U.S. Sales Tax Rate Changes Reach 10-Year High

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By Michael Bernard.

The domestic sales tax landscape in the United States has been in a constant state of flux over the last decade. Myriad circumstances including a lagging economy, restrictions around COVID-19, shrinking sales tax bases and reductions in federal aid for state and local governments have all led to 2023 seeing a 10-year high for sales tax rate changes.

In fact, the 2023 Vertex End-of-Year Sales Tax Rates and Rules report shows that a total of 444 sales tax rate changes took place across all U.S. state and local jurisdictions. Beyond that, the total number of rate changes as well as new sales taxes across all jurisdictions — 676 in 2023 — is second only to the 724 combined changes and new sales taxes that occurred in 2017. The 2023 number is also roughly 17% higher than the combined total for 2022, showing that this trend will likely continue into 2024.

But the numbers only tell part of the story. A closer look shows that several trends emerged and contributed to the volatility and complexity of tracking and complying with indirect taxes in 2023.

Companies faced a barrage of district-level rate changes. Generally, around 100 new district taxes are enacted each year to fund fire protection, emergency services, hospitals and other services. As all of these new district taxes continue to accumulate, more and more tax jurisdictions are recalibrating their tax rates. In 2023, the number of rate changes jumped to 173, up threefold from 63 rate changes in 2022. Thankfully for taxpayers, many of those changes were decreases, but that doesn’t make those changes any less complex for tax teams tracking this information for compliance purposes.

Rate increases outnumbered decreases in cities and counties. Of the 76 sales tax rate changes that took place at the county level, 52 were rate increases and only 24 consisted of decreases — a nearly 2:1 ratio. At the city level, sales tax rate increases — 158 — outnumbered decreases — 35 — by almost 5:1.

States continue to issue new fees, exemptions and tax holidays. State and local jurisdictions continue to implement more fees, including everything from environmental “green fees” and retail delivery service fees to fees on transactions within airport and entertainment or dining districts. While these are not technically sales taxes per se, they pose similar challenges to indirect tax teams. In 2023, several states including Maryland and Pennsylvania implemented new green fees; Ohio, Tennessee, and Florida deployed new sales tax exemptions or updated their existing exemptions; and Minnesota brought on new delivery fees.

Since 2014, an average of 372 sales and use tax rate changes have occurred annually. But if you look deeper, you’ll see that the rate change increase most recently has been driven solely by districts. State sales tax rates have held steady or decreased slightly in the past several years, while the number of new district taxes has ranged from 115 to a staggering 237 in the past decade.

What does all of this mean for 2024? The short version is more of the same. However, the factors driving increases in new sales taxes and rate changes will evolve.

Current state fiscal conditions appear unsustainable. State and local fund reserves have been full in recent years due to pandemic-related federal relief. While this is positive news, there are signs that show the situation could change. With a shrinking sales tax base, widespread cuts to other funding sources (income taxes and property taxes), dwindling federal pandemic aid and the growing use of sales tax holidays, states will need to increase sales tax rates, implement new fees and extend sales taxes to new areas.

Sales taxes on services don’t seem likely for 2024. Despite half of U.S. gross domestic product being generated by services (both professional and personal), states have encountered incredible hurdles in attempting to tax those services. Not only is it a significant administrative lift — new regulations must be drafted, more auditors need to be trained and processes must be overhauled.

It’s clear that tax departments will need to be nimble once again in 2024, adjusting to the situations outlined above along with other developments including legislative and regulatory changes.

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Michael Bernard is Chief Tax Officer at Vertex, Inc.

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Hardware Rally Diverges From Software Stocks

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Hardware Rally Diverges From Software Stocks

As midyear earnings reports flood Wall Street during the week of July 21, 2026, a sharp performance divergence has emerged within the technology sector. Equity indices reflect robust institutional buying in semiconductor manufacturers, data center infrastructure providers, and specialized power equipment suppliers. Conversely, enterprise Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) equities are facing notable valuation pressure as institutional investors demand clear, high-margin top-line revenue growth to justify elevated price-to-earnings multiples.

The sustained momentum in hardware equities is anchored in massive, multi-billion-dollar capital expenditure budgets allocated by mega-cap technology corporations. Demand for next-generation computing architectures, high-density server hardware, and specialized cooling infrastructure remains unyielding as enterprises globally build out localized computing clusters. Semiconductor foundries and equipment manufacturers continue to report record order backlogs, granting these companies exceptional pricing power and revenue visibility despite broader macroeconomic uncertainty.

In contrast, the enterprise software segment is navigating a rigorous fundamental reassessment. While software vendors have aggressively integrated automated digital features across their applications, enterprise customers are closely scrutinizing software licensing expenditures. Corporate IT departments are demanding verifiable productivity metrics before expanding user licenses, leading to extended sales cycles for software providers. Firms that fail to demonstrate direct, measurable return on investment are experiencing sharp post-earnings corrections.

For equity portfolio managers, navigating the midyear technology landscape requires strict balance sheet analysis and disciplined stock selection. Investors should focus on hardware leaders with defensible technological moats and enterprise software firms featuring deep workflow integration and proven monetization models. Maintaining a balanced, highly selective exposure protects capital while capturing structural technological growth.

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Hardware vs. Software Divergence: Navigating Midyear 2026 Tech Sector Earnings

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Hardware vs. Software Divergence: Navigating Midyear 2026 Tech Sector Earnings

As the midyear 2026 earnings season accelerates through the week of July 20, the technology sector is displaying a notable operational split between hardware infrastructure providers and enterprise software-as-a-service (SaaS) platforms. Market indices reflect strong institutional demand for companies supplying core computing hardware, advanced power management systems, and specialized optical networking components. Conversely, software providers are facing intense margin scrutiny as Wall Street demands concrete, high-margin revenue growth to justify elevated software valuations.

The sustained outperformance of hardware equities is anchored in ongoing, multi-billion-dollar global capital investments into data center infrastructure, grid capacity expansion, and high-performance chip architecture. Semiconductor foundries and specialized component suppliers have consistently reported robust order backlogs, driven by enterprise commitments to build out secure, localized computing clusters. Investors have rewarded these companies due to their tangible, order-backed revenue visibility and strong pricing power in a constrained supply environment.

On the other hand, the software sector is navigating a transition phase. While enterprise software vendors have heavily invested in integrating automated AI capabilities across their product suites, corporate clients are scrutinizing software licencing costs and requiring clear return-on-investment metrics before expanding enterprise seat licenses. Consequently, software vendors that rely on generic feature upgrades without demonstrable productivity improvements are seeing extended sales cycles and valuation compression during quarterly earnings calls.

For equity investors, navigating the tech market for the remainder of 2026 requires rigorous fundamental analysis focused on capital efficiency and cash flow generation. Strategic focus should be directed toward hardware leaders with unassailable technological moats and enterprise software companies possessing deep workflow integration and proven monetization models. Maintaining a balanced, selective exposure ensures participation in technological growth while hedging against localized valuation corrections.

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Utilities Re-Valuation: How Industrial Power Demand Driven by AI Upgrades Sector Equities

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How Industrial Power Demand Driven by AI Upgrades Sector Equities

Traditionally viewed as defensive, low-growth dividend plays, utility equities are undergoing a remarkable structural re-valuation across major stock exchanges in July 2026. Driven by an unprecedented surge in industrial power requirements—stemming from high-density data centers, advanced domestic manufacturing plants, and widespread electrification initiatives—utility providers are presenting revenue growth profiles historically reserved for growth sectors. This transition has repositioned power and energy infrastructure equities into prime targets for institutional capital.

The driver of this market shift is the long-term contractual nature of commercial energy demand. Tech giants and industrial manufacturers are entering into multi-decade power purchase agreements (PPAs) with utility operators to secure guaranteed baseload power. To meet this demand, utility companies are undertaking massive capital expenditure programs to modernize electrical transmission networks, integrate next-generation nuclear and renewable power facilities, and enhance regional grid resilience. Regulated utility models allow these companies to earn predictable returns on these substantial capital investments.

Furthermore, equity analysts highlight that the sector offers an attractive blend of growth potential and downside protection in a sustained high-interest-rate environment. While elevated capital costs increase borrowing expenses for grid infrastructure upgrades, the sheer volume of new industrial power demand provides strong top-line revenue expansion that offsets debt-servicing expenses. Investors seeking reliable yield combined with structural capital appreciation are increasingly allocating capital to regulated electric utilities and independent power producers.

Moving through the second half of 2026, portfolio managers recommend evaluating utility equities based on regional regulatory environments and capital execution track records. Companies operating in regions with streamlined permitting processes, supportive state regulatory commissions, and direct proximity to expanding industrial corridors are best positioned to deliver superior long-term shareholder value.

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