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How the racial will gap affects wealth

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Reducing the disparity in will-writing between Black and white households would shrink the racial wealth gap in America, according to a new study.

Eliminating the so-called will gap would cut the stubbornly wide difference in wealth among the two races by “a modest but meaningful” 10% over three generations, according to a working academic paper and research brief released earlier this month by the Center for Retirement Research at Boston College. The paper hasn’t received peer review or approval for publication in an academic journal. The key findings of the research, which was financially supported by Wells Fargo, show the importance of financial advisors’ will and estate-planning services.

“It’s a pretty easy thing to do to write a will — relative to, say, saving a lot more money,” said Gal Wettstein, a senior research economist with the center and one of four co-authors of the report, alongside Jean-Pierre Aubry, Alicia Munnell and Oliver Shih. “We think that it’s a pretty low-hanging fruit in terms of making progress.”

Their conclusions followed another report by the center last year concluding Black and Hispanic Americans “are less likely to get an inheritance, have a will, and plan to leave a bequest” and other research at the intersection of race and wealth. For example, racial differences in retirement savings, homeownership subsidies and tax advantages remain persistent factors.

READ MORE: Starting estate planning conversations — even without tax expertise 

Despite a significant narrowing of the ratio of wealth between white and Black households between 1880 and 1950, it has stayed around 6-to-1 in recent decades amid “evidence that it has been growing wider since the 1980s,” according to the study. Wiping out the wealth gap would take more than three centuries at the current pace, the McKinsey Institute for Black Economic Mobility found in another study earlier this year.

The center’s number-crunching, using data from the University of Michigan Health and Retirement Study, offers another lens of examining that gap. “Even after adjusting for characteristics such as wealth, education, presence of living children, and having received an inheritance in the past,” Black households are 20 percentage points less likely than whites to have a valid will, the study said.

That reflects a juxtaposition in which “many African American households are gaining in income and are very quickly moving into the middle class, upper middle class” yet feel a sense of “intimidation to step into an office, an investment firm’s office, and engage in a conversation of, ‘Hey, I’d like to start investing,'” Association of African American Financial Advisors Chair Alex David, who’s also the division director of the northeast for Raymond James Financial Services, said in an interview last week. The lack of wills stems from “a culmination of a number of socioeconomic factors that go into starting a conversation,” he said.

“Oftentimes they feel comfortable having a conversation with someone that might have experienced the same thing that they have,” David said. “‘I finally am at a place in my life where I can start saving and investing. I want to learn more. I’d like to start investing. Oh, you’re the same way, you’re first generation. Wow, I don’t feel as intimidated. So starting with $25,000, that’s all right.’ Being able to have a comfortable conversation with like-minded and perhaps like-history individuals oftentimes needs to take place.”

Without those conversations, the heirs to a deceased relative who’s bequeathing an asset, such as a home, without a valid will miss out on benefits such as property tax deferrals, an easier sales or insurance process and the ability to “to pass along their assets in a way that preserves their value,” Wettstein said. For most Americans of any background, their home is likely to be their most valuable asset, he noted. 

“Having a will can increase the economic value of the bequest,” he said. “Without a will, houses are passed along to heirs according to whatever the state default rules are, and those generally divide the asset between the heirs.”

READ MORE: What advisors (and their clients) can learn from celebrity estate debacles

To calculate the potential impact of writing a will, Wettstein and the other researchers performed two different simulations “to account for the shortcomings of each of these two ways” of measuring the effect of will-writing “on bequests and of bequests on late life wealth,” he said. Each of the two simulations of a scenario in which Black households had a will at the same rate as those of white ones since 1980 resulted in a 10% reduction in the racial wealth gap. 

“The racial wealth gap has proven to be a persistent problem, and one reason may be that Black decedents have a much lower likelihood of having a will,” the study said. “The robust finding is that such a change would have modestly but meaningfully reduced the wealth gap — by about 10 percent — by the time today’s prime-age workers reach their peak wealth years (ages 60-70) in 2040. While no one change is likely to completely close the racial wealth gap, interventions that increase the will-writing of Black households are one promising avenue for policy exploration.”

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Developing future leaders in accounting: the new imperative in an AI and automation driven era

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As technology continues to automate routine tasks, the role of finance professionals is evolving, demanding deeper capabilities in critical thinking, communication and business acumen. 

Many of PrimeGlobal’s North American firms are focused on cultivating these skills in their future leaders. Carla McCall, managing partner at AAFCPAs, Randy Nail, CEO of HoganTaylor, and Grassi managing partner Louis Grassi shared their views with PrimeGlobal CEO Steve Heathcote on the need for future leaders to balance technological proficiency with human-centered skills to thrive.

AI is transforming the sector by streamlining workflows, automating data analysis and reducing manual processes. However, rather than replacing accountants, AI is reshaping their roles, enabling them to focus on higher-value tasks. In the words of Louis Grassi, AI can be seen as a strategic partner, freeing accountants from routine tasks, enabling deeper engagement with clients, more thoughtful analysis, and ultimately better decision-making. 

Nail emphasized the importance of embracing AI, warning that those who fail to adapt risk being replaced by professionals who leverage the technology more effectively. HoganTaylor’s “innovation sprint” generated over 100 ideas for AI integration, underscoring why a proactive approach to adopting new technologies is so necessary and valuable.

McCall advocates for an educational shift that equips professionals with the skills to interpret AI-generated insights. She stressed that accounting curricula of the future must evolve to incorporate advanced technology training, ensuring future accountants are well-versed in AI tools and data analytics. Moreover, simulation-based learning is becoming increasingly crucial as traditional methods of education become obsolete in the face of automation.

Talent development and leadership growth

As AI reshapes the profession, firms must rethink how they develop and nurture their future leaders. To attract and retain top talent, firms need to prioritize personalized development plans that align with individual career goals. 

HoganTaylor’s approach to talent development integrates technical expertise with leadership and communication training. These initiatives ensure professionals are not only proficient in accounting principles but also equipped to lead teams and navigate complex client interactions.

Nail underscored the growing importance of writing and presentation skills, as AI will handle routine tasks, leaving professionals to focus on higher-level analytical and decision-making responsibilities.

Soft skills are the success skills

While technical proficiency remains vital, future leaders must also cultivate critical thinking, communication and adaptability — skills McCall refers to as the “success skills.” McCall highlights the necessity of business acumen and analytical communication, essential for interpreting data, advising clients and making strategic decisions. 

Recognizing teamwork and collaboration remain crucial in the hybrid work environment, McCall explained in detail how AAFCPA fosters collaboration through structured remote engagement strategies such as “intentional office time,” alcove sessions and stand-up meetings. Similarly, HoganTaylor supports remote teams by offering training for career advisors to ensure effective mentorship and engagement in a dispersed workforce.

McCall emphasized why global experience can be valuable in leadership development. Exposure to diverse markets and accounting practices enhances professionals’ adaptability and broadens their perspectives, preparing them for leadership roles in an increasingly interconnected world.

Grassi reminded us that an often-overlooked leadership skill is curiosity. In his view the most effective leaders of tomorrow will be inherently curious — not just about emerging technologies but about clients, market shifts and global trends. Encouraging curiosity and continuous learning within our firms will distinguish the true industry leaders from those simply reacting to change.

A balanced future

What’s clear from speaking to our leaders is PrimeGlobal’s role in fostering trust, community and knowledge sharing. McCall recommended member-driven panels to discuss AI implementation and automation strategies and share best practice. Nail, on the other hand, valued PrimeGlobal’s focus on addressing critical industry issues and encouraged continuous evolution to meet professionals’ changing needs.

The future of leadership in the accountancy profession hinges on a balanced approach, leveraging AI to enhance efficiency while cultivating essential human skills that technology cannot replicate, which Grassi highlights skills including leadership and building client trust.

As McCall and Nail advocate, the next generation of accountants must be agile thinkers, skilled communicators and strategic decision-makers. Firms that invest in these competencies will not only stay competitive but will also shape the future of the industry by developing well-rounded leaders prepared for the challenges ahead.

By investing in both AI capabilities and essential human skills, firms can not only future proof their leadership but also shape a resilient and forward-thinking profession ready to meet the challenges of the future.

As Grassi concluded, while technical skills provide the foundation, leadership in accounting increasingly demands emotional intelligence, empathy and adaptability. AI will change how we perform our work, but human connection, trust and nuanced judgment are irreplaceable. Investing in these human-centric skills today is critical for firms aiming to build resilient leaders of tomorrow. To remain relevant and thrive, professionals must prioritize developing strong success skills that will define the leaders of tomorrow.

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On the move: KPMG adds three asset management, PE leaders

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Wipfli appoints new chief growth officer; Illinois CPA Society installs latest board of directors; and more news from across the profession.

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Employers added 228K jobs in March, but lost 700 in accounting

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Employment rose by a stronger than expected 228,000 jobs in March, although the unemployment rate inched up one-tenth of a point to 4.2%, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported Friday.

Despite the mostly upbeat jobs report, the stock markets nevertheless plunged amid widespread concern over the steep “reciprocal” tariffs announced Wednesday by President Trump. 

The professional and business services sector added 3,000 jobs, but lost 700 jobs in accounting, tax preparation, payroll and bookkeeping services. The biggest job gains occurred in health care, social assistance, transportation and warehousing. Employment also grew in the retail trade industry, in part due to the return of workers from a strike in the food and beverage industry. But federal government employment declined by 4,000 in March, after a loss of 10,000 in February, amid job cuts ordered by the Elon Musk-led Department of Government Efficiency. However, the Internal Revenue Service is reinstating approximately 7,000 probationary employees who had been placed on paid administrative leave and asking them to return to work by April 14.

Average hourly earnings rose in March by 9 cents, or 0.3%, to $36.00. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased 3.8%.

Trump boasted about the jobs report in an all-caps post on Truth Social, writing, “GREAT JOB NUMBERS, FAR BETTER THAN EXPECTED. IT’S ALREADY WORKING. HANG TOUGH, WE CAN’T LOSE!!!”

Congressional Democrats disagreed. “Unemployment is rising, and this seems to be the last report buoyed by Democrats’ blockbuster job creation,” said House Ways and Means Committee ranking member Richard Neal, D-Massachusetts, in a statement. “Recession odds are getting higher by the day as Trump plagues our economy with the largest tax hike in decades. Wages would need to skyrocket for the people to weather Trump’s higher prices and needless uncertainty. This report doesn’t yet reflect the dangerous firings of thousands of public servants or the layoffs that started hours after he announced the Trump Tariff Tax. This administration is ruling through the lens of billionaires — sacrificing workers’ paychecks, destroying trillions of dollars in savings and retirement wealth, readying more than $7 trillion in tax giveaways to primarily benefit the rich, all to bring down interest rates, and ultimately, pad their own pockets.”

Economists are predicting fallout from the historic tariff increases announced by Trump. “We now have more clarity on the trade policy following ‘Liberation Day’ on April 2,” wrote Appcast chief economist Andrew Flowers. “The average effective tariff rate is now above the level set by the Smoot-Hawley tariffs in 1930. This is one of the largest changes to economic and global trade policy since President Nixon’s decision to move away from the gold standard more than 50 years ago. The impending fallout from retaliatory tariffs from our trading partners across Europe and Asia will radically shift employment growth across manufacturing, retail and construction as consumer goods prices rise.”

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