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Art of Accounting: What potential investors must have

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A friend’s son asked if he could meet with me, and I was glad to meet. He is a college business student, and I thought he wanted some career advice. Instead, he told me he was representing a business startup and asked if I would like to invest in it and be able to double my money within two years.

My immediate response is that I am in a situation where I no longer want to do anything to make money other than with the conservative portfolio I already have; I am concerned about not losing any of what I have and not reducing my cash flow, so I will have to pass on this “opportunity.”

Since I like helping young people get started in business, I asked about the business and requested to see the investor package, suggesting I might be able to offer some tips on raising the needed funding. He handed me a single sheet of paper acknowledging receipt of the investment amount, saying I would receive 1% of the ownership for every $10,000 invested with a maximum permitted investment per investor of $100,000. They were raising a total of $300,000. It also said that the plans were to have an IPO within two years. There were spaces to fill in the amount invested and for my signature. Nothing about the type of business, who the managers were, or any business plan or financial projections.

It turns out he was “hired” as a salesman to approach his parent’s friends for this “ground floor” opportunity. I asked him how much he was being paid, and he said he was told he would be taken care of, and it would be discussed when he raises the first investment.

I told him that while I watched him grow up and I was always impressed with him, I felt I needed to tell him some things about what he was doing that he apparently was not aware of. I also told him that asking people to invest carries with it a responsibility for some “due diligence” on his part, which it appears he did not do.

He never heard the expression due diligence and asked me what I think he should have done. My reply follows. It turned out to be a mini lesson on how the entire private investment process works.

For starters, a business plan needs to be that which would explain the type of business, competitors, potential customers, industry, why this company will be better, what they are offering to do that doesn’t already exist, and bios of the people who will run it. Also needed are financial projections for a five-year period. The projections need to show the projected operations and profitability, how much is needed, and how it would be utilized, along with the cash flow for the next five years and balance sheets for each period. Further, each item in the projection should be explained and how it was arrived at. It is very important to show the amount being raised is adequate to accomplish their goals. If debt or later-stage investments would be necessary, that should be clearly provided for in the projection.

Also shown should be the capital structure, what percentages the founders will have, any expected dilution because of new investors, what the founders’ investment contribution will be, and their compensation. If there are any stock options or any other arrangements for added compensation or benefits, that should also be disclosed.

Due diligence is the process of verifying the claims made by the people you will be dealing with. In this situation, it would be the founders. Also, my friend’s son was offered compensation, but it wasn’t clear how much, how it would be determined or whether it would be in cash, stock, options or a combination of these. Further, anyone setting out to engage in any business venture of any type should be clear about the responsibilities of each party and the compensation, and that there is the ability to pay the compensation. A general rule to follow is that services are much more valuable to the customer before they are rendered than afterward. Additionally, the seller is in a much stronger position before doing any work than after they’ve performed the services. Also, while many people start out with great and sincere intentions, they might forget some of what they agreed to, the minutiae of implementation might not be thought through, and people’s purposes might get sidetracked by newer opportunities. 

If the company is already operating, then financial statements should be provided.

Getting back to this investment “opportunity,” nothing was provided that would allow a potential investor to make a decision to invest.

My experience has shown me that many times there are likely targets for such opportunities, but there is only one shot at them. Not being fully prepared creates a wasted chance with that resource.

Most business plans will require a confidentiality or nondisclosure letter or agreement before they are provided. However it is important to assume that nothing will be kept confidential and proprietary, or sensitive information should not be disclosed until there is a serious investor.

I wrote a 20-page memo on how to prepare a business plan and financial projection that I will send you if you email [email protected] and put “Business Plan” as the subject. No messages necessary.

Do not hesitate to contact me at [email protected] with your practice management questions or about engagements you might not be able to perform. 

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Accounting

FASB Standardizes Carbon Offsets Accounting Rules

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FASB Standardizes Carbon Offsets Accounting Rules

In a decisive move toward standardized environmental financial reporting, accounting standards boards issued updated implementation guidance during the week ending July 25, 2026, regarding the formal recognition and valuation of corporate carbon offsets and environmental credits. The revised frameworks establish precise rules for how enterprises must measure, record, and disclose carbon credits on balance sheets, eliminating years of inconsistent reporting practices across public capital markets.

Under the finalized accounting standard, purchased carbon offsets can no longer be categorized under vague administrative expenses or unstandardized intangible asset accounts. Instead, organizations must classify environmental credits based on underlying operational intent—distinguishing between credits held for immediate compliance compliance obligations, long-term offset obligations, or active market trading. Furthermore, companies are required to evaluate carbon holdings for fair value impairment at the end of each reporting period, ensuring that depreciated or low-quality environmental credits do not distort corporate asset values.

The standardized rules carry significant implications for corporate audit committees and chief accounting officers. External audit firms are implementing rigorous verification protocols to validate the physical legitimacy, legal ownership, and scientific permanence of carbon credits claimed on balance sheets. Inaccurate or overstated carbon accounting claims now carry substantial financial litigation risk, alongside potential regulatory enforcement for misleading ESG disclosures.

To remain fully compliant, corporate accounting departments must establish centralized carbon tracking systems integrated into primary standard ERP ledgers. Accounting teams that proactively adopt standardized environmental reporting protocols will build investor credibility, streamline annual audit processes, and insulate their organizations against evolving regulatory scrutiny.

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Accounting

Automated Tax Compliance Tools Reduce Risk

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Automated Tax Compliance Tools Reduce Risk

Corporate tax departments reached a critical juncture in automated operational management. With nations worldwide rapidly enacting digital service taxes, localized value-added tax (VAT) mandates, and real-time electronic invoicing requirements, manual tax calculations have become obsolete. Modern corporate tax divisions are aggressively deploying AI-driven tax engine software to automate complex cross-border indirect tax calculations in real time.

The imperative for automated tax compliance stems from the sheer complexity of current trade policies and multi-jurisdictional commerce. E-commerce platforms, software vendors, and global manufacturers face constantly changing regional tax rates, statutory exemption rules, and cross-border tariff structures. Automated tax engines embed directly into enterprise enterprise resource planning (ERP) architectures, automatically applying correct tax codes at the point of sale, calculating real-time withholding amounts, and generating compliant e-invoices.

Automated audit trail generation represents another key advantage of modern tax tech integration. Advanced compliance platforms log every transactional tax determination on immutable digital ledgers, providing tax authorities with transparent, self-verifying audit trails. This capability drastically reduces the operational duration and administrative cost of corporate tax audits, protecting enterprises against severe penalties resulting from calculation errors or missed reporting deadlines.

For chief financial officers and tax directors, investing in automated tax compliance is a vital operational risk mitigation strategy. Automating routine tax calculations frees high-level accounting professionals to focus on strategic tax planning, transfer pricing optimization, and risk management in an increasingly complex global economic environment.

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Accounting

Continuous Auditing Transforms Corporate ERPs

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continuous auditing transforms corporate erps

As corporate accounting departments cross the threshold into late July 2026, the adoption of continuous, automated auditing systems has reached a definitive turning point. Driven by advances in artificial intelligence and deep integration with modern Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) platforms, leading finance organizations are moving away from traditional, periodic post-hoc audits in favor of real-time, 100% transactional verification. This technological transition is redefining internal control environments, reducing compliance costs, and eliminating the structural delays inherent in legacy quarterly closing processes.

Unlike traditional auditing frameworks that rely on statistical sampling—a process that inevitably leaves operational blind spots—continuous auditing software monitors operational data feeds continuously. Every purchase order, electronic invoice, payroll disbursement, and cross-border wire transfer is automatically cross-referenced against established corporate governance parameters, regulatory tax schedules, and anti-fraud algorithms in real time. Anomalies or unauthorized ledger entries are flagged instantly, allowing internal audit teams to investigate and remediate compliance gaps immediately rather than months after the close of a financial period.

The implications for executive financial management are far-reaching. By embedding continuous verification directly into daily transaction workflows, chief financial officers gain uninterrupted visibility into the organization’s true financial standing. Real-time balance sheet auditing eliminates the severe operational bottlenecks associated with month-end and quarter-end financial reconciliations, freeing accounting professionals to focus on strategic financial modeling, tax planning, and capital allocation rather than manual data entry and spreadsheet consolidation.

However, implementing continuous auditing requires accounting leadership to invest heavily in data governance and technical upskilling. Internal audit teams must evolve from manual ledger reviewers into system architects capable of auditing complex algorithms and validating automated data pipelines. Accounting firms and corporate controllers that master continuous auditing will establish a resilient compliance framework capable of meeting stringent international regulatory standards with total transparency.

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