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Here’s what the rise of homeowners associations means for buyers

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When shopping for a home, many buyers may hope to avoid purchasing a property subject to a homeowners association

But that may be easier said than done.

That’s because HOAs are on the rise in the U.S. Therefore it’s important to understand the ins and outs of these organizations before you buy.

Nearly three-quarters, or 70%, of surveyed homeowners say if they were to buy a new home in the future, they would prefer a community without an HOA, according to recent data from Frontdoor. The home repair and maintenance services company in September polled 1,005 homeowners, 85% of whom are currently part of an HOA.

Why it’s hard to avoid HOAs

Homeowners associations are composed of community residents elected to a board of directors, which govern the neighborhood by a set of rules and regulations. Homeowners pay dues to have common areas like parks, roads, and community pools maintained and repaired. 

Such organizations exist for different types of properties, from single-family homes and rowhomes to condominiums and cooperatives.

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The presence of HOAs in the U.S. has ballooned over recent decades. In 1970, there were 10,000 community associations with about 2.1 million residents, per the Foundation.

In 2023, about 65% of new single-family homes were built within HOAs, up from 49% in 2009, according to the U.S. Census.

Today, HOA or common-interest communities represent about 30% of the housing stock in the U.S., and house 75.5 million Americans, according to the Foundation for Community Association Research. The entity is an affiliate organization of Community Associations Institute, a membership group for HOAs and other community organizations.

How homeowners associations became so powerful

Common-interest communities are becoming more typical because they provide a financial benefit for local governments, according to Thomas M. Skiba, CEO of the Community Associations Institute, a membership organization of homeowner and condominium associations.

“They don’t have to plow the street anymore [or] do all that maintenance and they still collect the full property tax value,” Skiba told CNBC, referring to local authorities.

HOA membership is more common in some areas. Florida has the highest HOA membership rate of 66.86%, or more than 4 million homes in HOAs, according to a data analysis by This Old House, a home improvement site.

“It is truly a luxury in a lot of cases to buy a home that’s not in a community,” said Steve Horvath, co-founder of HOA United, an advocacy group for homeowners in common-interest communities.

How HOAs add to homeownership costs

Such costs tend to increase over time, and rarely go down. In Frontdoor’s survey, 51% of current HOA members said they experienced an increase in their HOA fees, and 65% say price increases happen frequently.

How to vet an HOA before you buy

Many Americans are satisfied with their HOA. About 60% of surveyed homeowners reported having a positive experience with their community, according to Frontdoor.

But others go through grievances. About 1 in 3 had some experience that made them want to move, Frontdoor found. Of those wanting to leave the neighborhood, 63% complained about fees while 53% cited inconsistent rule enforcement.

“Sometimes HOAs can be really intrusive,” like what colors you can choose from to paint the exterior of your house, said Jim Tobin, CEO of the National Association of Home Builders.

If you’re currently in the market for a home and are unsure if an HOA community is right for you, here are a few things to consider in the shopping process:

  • Ask your real estate agent or the home seller’s agent for a copy of all the HOA paperwork like covenants, bylaws, fee schedule, rules and regulations, experts say. Also ask for meeting minutes, whether annual general meeting minutes or board meeting minutes for the past 12 months, Horvath said. Such documents can be very telling about how an HOA is operated, he said.
  • Inquire about monthly or annual fees, the HOA’s budget and the history of how assessments have grown over the years, according to Skiba.
  • Ask your real estate agent or the seller’s agent if the house you want to buy has any unpaid assessments, said Horvath. Such outstanding balances should be dealt by the seller as part of the sale. 
  • Review any pending litigation, disputes or existing judgements within the community, said Horvath. 
  • Look into the community’s reserve funds, which ensures repair and renovation. Check if the community is putting enough money aside for big expenses or if they are property funded, Skiba said.
  • Ask if you can attend a board meeting or the member’s annual general meeting if possible.

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Personal Finance

Maximizing Returns in High Rate Climate and market uncertainty

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Maximizing Returns in High-Rate Climate

In the macroeconomic environment of late July 2026, personal cash management requires an active, structured approach to wealth preservation. With central bank benchmark rates remaining elevated to ensure long-term disinflation, conservative yield-bearing vehicles—such as short-term U.S. Treasury bills, money market funds, and high-yield savings accounts (HYSAs)—continue to offer reliable nominal returns between 4% and 5%. For individual investors, maximizing net returns requires moving beyond passive checking accounts and executing a disciplined cash laddering strategy.

Leaving substantial liquid capital in traditional bank deposits creates an invisible drag on personal net worth due to ongoing inflation. By implementing a tiered liquidity framework, individuals can split emergency cash reserves and short-term capital allocations across rolling maturities. Allocating cash into 4-week, 8-week, and 13-week Treasury bills creates a continuous cycle of maturing liquidity, allowing investors to continuously reinvest capital at prevailing market yields while maintaining immediate access to emergency funds.

Tax efficiency represents a critical dimension of high-yield cash optimization. For high-earning individuals residing in states with substantial local income taxes, direct holdings in short-term U.S. Treasury instruments often deliver superior net post-tax yields compared to standard commercial bank HYSAs. Because interest earned on federal Treasury bills is strictly exempt from state and local taxation, investors can retain a larger portion of their compounding interest gains without taking on additional credit or market risk.

Ultimately, personal wealth accumulation in mid-2026 relies on intentional capital deployment. Cash should be managed as a productive asset class that generates consistent, risk-free returns. Regularly auditing account yield terms, automating recurring transfers, and leveraging tax-advantaged fixed-income instruments ensures that personal liquidity remains fully optimized against macroeconomic fluctuations.

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Personal Finance

Algorithmic Wealth Management: Balancing Automated Financial Planning with Human Oversight

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Balancing Automated Financial Planning with Human Oversight

The personal finance industry in July 2026 is experiencing a technological evolution, driven by the wide deployment of next-generation algorithmic wealth management tools. Modern digital financial platforms have expanded far beyond basic automated index investing; today’s robo-advisors utilize real-time tax-loss harvesting, dynamic portfolio rebalancing, and hyper-personalized spending analysis to optimize retail investor outcomes. However, as these digital solutions become ubiquitous, investors face the crucial challenge of balancing automated execution with human strategic judgment.

The core advantage of automated financial planning platforms lies in their ability to remove emotional bias from investment execution. During periods of market volatility or localized sector realignments, automated algorithms systematically rebalance portfolios back to target asset allocations without falling victim to panic selling or speculative enthusiasm. Furthermore, integrated cash-flow monitoring algorithms analyze individual spending patterns in real time, automatically sweeping surplus income into designated retirement or debt-liquidation accounts to accelerate net worth accumulation.

Despite these operational advantages, algorithmic tools have inherent structural limitations when addressing complex, highly personalized financial life events. Decisions involving multi-generational estate planning, highly complex tax strategies, small business exits, or nuanced real estate transactions require contextual human judgment that software models cannot replicate. Relying solely on automated models without periodic human professional review can result in misaligned risk profiles or overlooked tax liabilities during major life transitions.

The optimal approach for personal financial planning in late 2026 is a hybrid advisory model. Individuals should utilize automated platforms for routine asset allocation, continuous tax optimization, and low-cost passive index tracking, while engaging qualified human financial advisors for periodic strategic planning, estate structuring, and qualitative risk evaluations. This dual approach ensures maximum cost efficiency and disciplined execution while retaining essential strategic guidance.

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Personal Finance

High-Yield Optimization: Structuring Personal Cash Reserves in a Sustained Rate Environment

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Structuring Personal Cash Reserves in a Sustained Rate Environment

In the financial environment of mid-2026, personal cash management has re-emerged as a vital component of holistic wealth building. With central bank policy rates holding firm to maintain long-term price stability, yield-bearing instruments such as money market funds, high-yield savings accounts (HYSAs), and short-term Treasury bills continue to offer compounding returns around 4% to 5%. For individual investors, effectively structuring cash reserves requires shifting away from passive bank deposits toward active yield optimization.

A frequent pitfall in personal asset management is leaving substantial liquid capital in traditional checking or low-yield savings accounts, where real returns are continuously eroded by baseline inflation. By implementing a disciplined ‘cash ladder’ strategy—allocating liquid funds across tiered maturities using ultra-short Treasury instruments and FDIC-insured high-yield accounts—individuals can secure maximal yields while retaining immediate liquidity for emergency expenses or tactical investment opportunities.

Simultaneously, investors must evaluate the tax efficiency of their cash holdings based on their tax bracket and geographic location. For high earners situated in states with high local income taxes, direct holdings in short-term U.S. Treasury bills often yield a higher net post-tax return than standard high-yield savings accounts, as Treasury interest is strictly exempt from state and local taxation. Understanding these nuanced tax distinctions allows individuals to capture significant incremental gains without taking on additional market risk.

Ultimately, personal financial health in late 2026 hinges on intentional liquidity management. Cash reserves should not be viewed merely as static emergency funds, but as a dynamic asset class that contributes positively to net worth growth. Regularly auditing yield terms, automating cash transfers, and optimizing for post-tax efficiency ensures that personal capital remains fully productive across all economic conditions.

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