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How wealthy investors use ETFs to avoid capital gains taxes

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After years of stock market growth, many investors are sitting on large profits in taxable accounts, which could trigger hefty capital gains when sold.  

That bill can be significant for wealthy Americans, with a 20% top capital gains rate, plus 3.8% net investment income tax, depending on earnings.  

One solution, known as a 351 conversion or exchange, allows higher earners to transform appreciated assets into shares of new exchange-traded funds. The strategy seeds ETFs before launch, and the original investor defers capital gains until selling their shares.

For some investors, the strategy is “like magic,” said certified financial planner David Haas, president of Cereus Financial Advisors in Franklin Lakes, New Jersey.  

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Here’s a look at other stories offering insight on ETFs for investors.

One of the benefits of the ETF wrapper is that fund managers can accept assets before launch, and later rebalance without incurring gains.

While the volume of 351 exchanges for ETFs has increased in recent years, there are still relatively few public options, experts say.

Haas has used 351 conversions for certain clients. But there are some downsides to consider, he said. Here are the key things to know. 

How 351 conversions for ETFs work

Many higher earners keep some investments in separately managed accounts, or SMAs, which are taxable, customized portfolios with an active manager.

One benefit of SMAs is tax-loss harvesting, which uses losses to offset portfolio gains. But those opportunities “dwindle over time” as assets grow, said Daniel Sotiroff, a senior analyst for Morningstar Research Services.

Eventually, “there are fewer losses to harvest,” and you can’t change investments without incurring capital gains, he said.

For some, 351 conversions to ETFs could solve the problem, he said.

Large financial planning firms that manage clients’ SMAs can create a private ETF via 351 conversions. More recently, smaller firms or SMAs can participate in publicly seeded ETFs. 

“I wouldn’t be surprised if we see more,” Sotiroff said.

However, minimum investments are still high. For example, Alpha Architect recommends a “minimum portfolio” of $1 million. Cambria Funds‘ first 351 ETF conversion launch in December 2024 also had a $1 million minimum for individuals.

Your 351 conversion must be ‘diversified’

While deferring capital gains taxes on embedded profits may be attractive, 351 conversions to ETFs have specific rules, experts say.

“You can’t just put one stock into a 351 exchange and get tax-deferred treatment,” Ben Henry-Moreland, a CFP with advisor platform Kitces.com, told CNBC.

There are strict diversification requirements to qualify for deferred capital gains. Your transferred assets are only “diversified” if:

  • A single stock or company isn’t more than 25% of the contributed assets
  • The five largest assets aren’t more than 50% of the contributed assets

Plus, certain assets, like mutual funds or alternative assets such as private equity or cryptocurrency, may not be permitted for the transfer, Henry-Moreland wrote of 351 exchanges in March.

Sean Anthony Eddy | E+ | Getty Images

Your money could be ‘stuck’ 

Before completing a 351 conversion, you should weigh the pros and cons and how it fits into your bigger financial plan. You’re swapping assets in exchange for the ETF shares, which may be different from your target allocation.

CFP Charles Sachs, chief investment officer of Imperio Wealth Advisors in Coral Gables, Florida, doesn’t use the strategy because he said it could leave clients with fewer options.

“You can do it, but you’re stuck in there,” Sachs said.

While it’s possible to transfer the funds via another 351 conversion, “there aren’t many companies doing this,” said Haas from Cereus Financial Advisors. And if you sell, you could see capital gains.

“That’s super important to think about,” he said. “You have to be happy with the ETF.”  

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Personal Finance

Maximizing Returns in High Rate Climate and market uncertainty

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Maximizing Returns in High-Rate Climate

In the macroeconomic environment of late July 2026, personal cash management requires an active, structured approach to wealth preservation. With central bank benchmark rates remaining elevated to ensure long-term disinflation, conservative yield-bearing vehicles—such as short-term U.S. Treasury bills, money market funds, and high-yield savings accounts (HYSAs)—continue to offer reliable nominal returns between 4% and 5%. For individual investors, maximizing net returns requires moving beyond passive checking accounts and executing a disciplined cash laddering strategy.

Leaving substantial liquid capital in traditional bank deposits creates an invisible drag on personal net worth due to ongoing inflation. By implementing a tiered liquidity framework, individuals can split emergency cash reserves and short-term capital allocations across rolling maturities. Allocating cash into 4-week, 8-week, and 13-week Treasury bills creates a continuous cycle of maturing liquidity, allowing investors to continuously reinvest capital at prevailing market yields while maintaining immediate access to emergency funds.

Tax efficiency represents a critical dimension of high-yield cash optimization. For high-earning individuals residing in states with substantial local income taxes, direct holdings in short-term U.S. Treasury instruments often deliver superior net post-tax yields compared to standard commercial bank HYSAs. Because interest earned on federal Treasury bills is strictly exempt from state and local taxation, investors can retain a larger portion of their compounding interest gains without taking on additional credit or market risk.

Ultimately, personal wealth accumulation in mid-2026 relies on intentional capital deployment. Cash should be managed as a productive asset class that generates consistent, risk-free returns. Regularly auditing account yield terms, automating recurring transfers, and leveraging tax-advantaged fixed-income instruments ensures that personal liquidity remains fully optimized against macroeconomic fluctuations.

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Algorithmic Wealth Management: Balancing Automated Financial Planning with Human Oversight

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Balancing Automated Financial Planning with Human Oversight

The personal finance industry in July 2026 is experiencing a technological evolution, driven by the wide deployment of next-generation algorithmic wealth management tools. Modern digital financial platforms have expanded far beyond basic automated index investing; today’s robo-advisors utilize real-time tax-loss harvesting, dynamic portfolio rebalancing, and hyper-personalized spending analysis to optimize retail investor outcomes. However, as these digital solutions become ubiquitous, investors face the crucial challenge of balancing automated execution with human strategic judgment.

The core advantage of automated financial planning platforms lies in their ability to remove emotional bias from investment execution. During periods of market volatility or localized sector realignments, automated algorithms systematically rebalance portfolios back to target asset allocations without falling victim to panic selling or speculative enthusiasm. Furthermore, integrated cash-flow monitoring algorithms analyze individual spending patterns in real time, automatically sweeping surplus income into designated retirement or debt-liquidation accounts to accelerate net worth accumulation.

Despite these operational advantages, algorithmic tools have inherent structural limitations when addressing complex, highly personalized financial life events. Decisions involving multi-generational estate planning, highly complex tax strategies, small business exits, or nuanced real estate transactions require contextual human judgment that software models cannot replicate. Relying solely on automated models without periodic human professional review can result in misaligned risk profiles or overlooked tax liabilities during major life transitions.

The optimal approach for personal financial planning in late 2026 is a hybrid advisory model. Individuals should utilize automated platforms for routine asset allocation, continuous tax optimization, and low-cost passive index tracking, while engaging qualified human financial advisors for periodic strategic planning, estate structuring, and qualitative risk evaluations. This dual approach ensures maximum cost efficiency and disciplined execution while retaining essential strategic guidance.

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Personal Finance

High-Yield Optimization: Structuring Personal Cash Reserves in a Sustained Rate Environment

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Structuring Personal Cash Reserves in a Sustained Rate Environment

In the financial environment of mid-2026, personal cash management has re-emerged as a vital component of holistic wealth building. With central bank policy rates holding firm to maintain long-term price stability, yield-bearing instruments such as money market funds, high-yield savings accounts (HYSAs), and short-term Treasury bills continue to offer compounding returns around 4% to 5%. For individual investors, effectively structuring cash reserves requires shifting away from passive bank deposits toward active yield optimization.

A frequent pitfall in personal asset management is leaving substantial liquid capital in traditional checking or low-yield savings accounts, where real returns are continuously eroded by baseline inflation. By implementing a disciplined ‘cash ladder’ strategy—allocating liquid funds across tiered maturities using ultra-short Treasury instruments and FDIC-insured high-yield accounts—individuals can secure maximal yields while retaining immediate liquidity for emergency expenses or tactical investment opportunities.

Simultaneously, investors must evaluate the tax efficiency of their cash holdings based on their tax bracket and geographic location. For high earners situated in states with high local income taxes, direct holdings in short-term U.S. Treasury bills often yield a higher net post-tax return than standard high-yield savings accounts, as Treasury interest is strictly exempt from state and local taxation. Understanding these nuanced tax distinctions allows individuals to capture significant incremental gains without taking on additional market risk.

Ultimately, personal financial health in late 2026 hinges on intentional liquidity management. Cash reserves should not be viewed merely as static emergency funds, but as a dynamic asset class that contributes positively to net worth growth. Regularly auditing yield terms, automating cash transfers, and optimizing for post-tax efficiency ensures that personal capital remains fully productive across all economic conditions.

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