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The contentious 150-hour rule — the number of college credit hours required to sit the CPA exam — has been a sticking point in the profession since it became the standard in the 1990s. With an ongoing talent crisis, uncompetitive salaries and rising education costs further weakening the inflow of new professionals, is the end of the rule the first step to changing the tide?

Median annual salaries for entry-level accountants hover around $65,000, according to 2024 research by Accounting Today. It’s not until the managerial tier that accountants can start to earn six figures on average.

Next to lower wages, many have suggested that the time required to pursue a CPA license has been a major hurdle driving prospective talent into other financial services. As a result, the American Institute of CPAs and the National Association of State Boards of Accountancy have started to guide states through adopting additional licensure pathways.

These efforts have been met with optimism from state CPA societies and accounting students alike, but misconceptions have also been brought to light from those critical of such efforts. Top concerns range from “We are lowering the standards,” to “This licensure change alone will solve the talent shortage.”

Susan Speirs, chief executive of the Utah Association of CPAs, said that while the passage of a CPA licensure bill in the state is a good first step to address the talent shortage across the profession, it’s hardly the last.

“My hope would be that we can start discussing the real issues surrounding our profession such as firm models, salary models, image models, CPE models, PE models and more before the profession implodes on itself,” Speirs said.

Read more: There’s an accountant shortage, but will 150-hour alternatives fix it?

For Calvin Harris, chief executive of the New York Society of CPAs and a CPA who was licensed more than 20 years ago, a return to the former 120-hour standard isn’t as outlandish as it sounds. 

“Where we’ve landed here in New York is that while we will continue to offer the pathway of 150 credit hours, we thought it was right to add back the 120-hour pathway,” Harris said. “In many ways it’s new since it hasn’t really been active, at least in New York, for more than two decades. But it’s also a return to a pathway [that previously existed].”

Senate Bill S6891 was introduced on March 26 by Senator Toby Ann Stavisky, D-N.Y., who chairs the committee on higher education. If passed, it would allow those pursuing CPA licensure in the state to be eligible with a bachelor’s degree (120 credit hours), two years of professional experience and a passing grade on the CPA exam.

Regarding perspectives that lowering the credit hour threshold would yield less skilled accounts, Harris said that the total six years spent pursuing the accreditation has not and would not change. What would change is a contentious fifth year in school that could be a financial make-or-break for some students.

“We’re talking about socioeconomic barriers,” Harris said. “From a diverse profession perspective, we also see where that fifth year burdens underrepresented groups on a higher level.”

Leaders with the state CPA societies of Iowa and California have similar sentiments regarding the “extra” 30 hours spent towards a CPA license, and how the financial burden of those hours takes a different toll on underrepresented groups.

California’s AB 1175  sets out to create “more accessible, flexible and affordable pathways, especially for those from underrepresented backgrounds and second-career individuals, while still upholding high standards,” said Denise LeDuc Froemming, CEO of CalCPA.

Read more: Why the 150-hour requirement must evolve

States that have successfully passed legislation creating more options for becoming a CPA will be important case studies to track whether these new pathways boost the flow of new talent into accounting.

Dive into more coverage of the topic and the broader implications of the 150-hour rule below.

AICPA, NASBA mull alternative pathways to CPA licensure

In February, the American Institute of CPAs and the National Association of State Boards of Accountancy introduced proposed changes to the Uniform Accountancy Act model legislation that would provide states with codified language for drafting CPA licensure-focused bills.

Both organizations called upon the joint UAA committee to draft templated law language that involves a bachelor’s degree plus two years of experience as a state-determined pathway to licensure that incorporates a broad role for experience and individual-based practice privilege that incorporates a CPA’s ability to practice across state lines.

“The accounting profession has seen a remarkable convergence in recent weeks of stakeholders around flexibility that creates greater access for those who are interested in pursuing a career in accounting,” Susan Coffey, CEO of public accounting at the Association of International Certified Professional Accountants, told Accounting Today.

Read more: AICPA, NASBA propose alternative path to CPA license

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Could alternatives to the 150-hour rule create new talent pipelines?

For more than 20 years, the 150-credit hour rule for becoming a CPA has been the standard across the profession. But as a dwindling number of college students elect to major in accounting, combined with stagnating wages and the cost of higher education, that stands to change over the coming years.

Data gathered in a 2023 Center for Audit Quality study found that more than half of nonaccounting majors pegged higher starting salaries as the deciding factor for not studying accounting.

“If you just took [the Consumer Price Index] and applied it to the starting salary back in 1982, you’re very close to the starting salary of what the fifth-year students were a year ago, so the profession really hasn’t caught up,” Edward Wilkins, an accounting professor and former audit partner at a Big Four firm, told AT. “Did they ever really get credit for that fifth year if it was just a CPI adjustment?”

Read more: New ways to CPA

Ohio, Virginia among host of states pushing past 150-hour rule

While Ohio and Virginia were the first states to successfully pass legislation that creates new options for obtaining CPA licensure, they aren’t the last.

Utah Gov. Spencer Cox signed Senate Bill 15 into law on March 25, creating alternative pathways for accountants in the state seeking to become CPAs. Under the legislation, obtaining a license can be done through acquiring a bachelor’s degree with a concentration in accounting or business, two years of experience under the supervision of a licensed CPA and passing the CPA exam, or a master’s degree, one year of experience under the supervision of a licensed CPA and passing the CPA exam.

States with bills in progress include Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Minnesota and others, many of which have the backing of their state CPA societies.

Read more: States move beyond the 150-hour rule

Iowa successfully adds new paths for CPA licensure

State legislators in Iowa, with the support of the Iowa Society of CPAs, have passed a bill that would create new alternatives for obtaining CPA licensure within the region.

House Bill 177 passed both chambers of the Iowa Legislature with a unanimous Senate vote, and is now in the hands of Gov. Kim Reynolds awaiting signing. In addition to CPA accreditation changes, the bill allows for those with CPA licenses from other states to practice within Iowa.

Any changes stemming from the bill would go into effect on July 1, 2026, upon Gov. Reynolds signing it into law.

“This legislation reflects a forward-thinking approach to licensure that preserves the integrity of the CPA while opening the door to more aspiring professionals,” ISCPA interim CEO Ardis Kelley said in a statement. “At a time when the profession is experiencing a decline of new licensees and increase in retirements, this is a much-needed step to attract new talent.”

Read more: Iowa adds path to CPA licensure

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Georgia CPA advocates successfully pass bill for CPA licensure

Among a host of states working to overhaul the traditional pathways to becoming a CPA, Georgia is one that has seen recent success.

House Bill 148, known as the Public Accountancy Act of 2025, was carried through the Georgia General Assembly with the support of the Georgia Society of CPAs on April 7. The bill introduces qualifications for CPA accreditation for those with a master’s degree in accounting or taxation and one year of relevant experience, or with a bachelor’s degree in accounting and two years of pertinent experience.

Also included are provisions for allowing out-of-state CPAs to practice in Georgia. The bill awaits signing by Gov. Brian Kemp.

“The new pathways to CPA licensure and expanded practice privilege mobility are essential steps toward addressing the growing demand for skilled accounting professionals,” GSCPA CEO Boyd Search said in a statement.

Read more: Georgia passes CPA licensure changes bill

Bloomberg News

The House Financial Services Committee passed a budget bill Wednesday that eliminates the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board and caps the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s budget at roughly $249 million, a drastic reduction from its recent budgets.

Committee chair French Hill, R-Ark., said the moves outlined in the budget bill — which will be combined with similar bills in other committees to make up the bill that will appear on the House floor for a vote — deliver more than the $1 billion annual savings required by the House Budget resolution that passed in February. The bill passed the committee by a 30-22 vote along party lines.

“We’re taking a strong step toward restoring fiscal discipline and ensuring government funding is being used wisely and transparently,” Hill said. “To deliver on President Trump’s agenda … House Republicans will reduce the deficit and exceed the $1 billion savings target outlined in the budget resolution.”

The bill would eliminate the PCAOB’s ability to assess and spend accounting support fees, would direct any unspent funds back to the Treasury Department and direct the Securities and Exchange Commission to take over the board’s responsibilities and cease collecting fees. The PCAOB was established in 2003 as part of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act to be an independent investigator and standard-setting body for auditing firms, a need that Congress identified after the WorldCom and Enron accounting scandals created a crisis of confidence in public accounting statements.

GOP lawmakers mull eliminating ‘management’ from CAMELS

 
The bill would also cap the CFPB’s budget at 5% of the Federal Reserve’s total operating budget for 2009, a figure Hill said would amount to roughly $249 million. The CFPB’s estimated operating budget for the 2024 fiscal year was $684.9 million. The bill would also direct the CFPB to return all remaining funds from the Civil Penalty Fund back to the Treasury Department after direct victims had been compensated. The bill also directs the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development to rescind unobligated funds for the Green and Resilient Retrofit Program, which were appropriated as part of the Inflation Reduction Act in 2022. The program provides grants for landlords receiving HUD assistance to improve energy and water efficiency, improve indoor air quality and climate resilience for their properties.

The bill also limits assessments collected by the Office of Financial Research to the average operating budget of the Financial Stability Oversight Council over the prior three years. 

During a marathon markup hearing that went into the evening, Democrats offered 35 amendments to the bill, including measures to investigate who is investing in the Trump family’s World Liberty Financial crypto company, as well as to maintain funding for the PCAOB and CFPB. None of the Democratic amendments were adopted; all were voted down along party lines. 

Speaking in favor of an amendment to maintain the PCAOB, Rep. Maxine Waters, D.-Calif., said the organization inspects auditing firms not only in the U.S. but in more than 50 countries abroad, including China. Dissolving the board and handing its duties to the SEC, she said, would cost taxpayers money and give China an opportunity to press its advantage. The PCAOB — which is a non-governmental standard-setting body — has an agreement with the Chinese government to inspect auditing firms, she said, but the SEC does not.

“Every Republican and Democratic member of this committee must understand that if we shut down the PCAOB and transfer its authority to the SEC, we’re shutting down our regulators’ access to China-based auditors,” said Waters, the committee’s ranking member. “If we disband the PCAOB today, the SEC cannot simply be a substitute.”