Economic rationality has long been a foundational principle in financial decision-making.

According to classical theory, a rational consumer or investor evaluates all options based on costs, benefits and probabilities, ultimately selecting the one that maximizes utility. However, over the last few decades, this paradigm has been challenged by research revealing a far more complex and less predictable reality: the persistent presence of behavioral biases that distort our decisions, including in the accounting field. 

When analyzing how business owners, executives and even accounting professionals make decisions under risk, it becomes evident that emotional and cognitive factors play a decisive role. One frequently observed example is omission bias: the tendency to judge harmful outcomes resulting from inaction as less severe than those caused by action. In a tax context, such behavior may appear prudent, but it often comes at a significant cost. Companies continue operating under inefficient tax regimes, outdated systems or suboptimal structures to avoid the perceived risk of change, ignoring the fact that doing nothing is also a choice, often with its hidden costs. 

This phenomenon connects to other well-documented aspects of behavioral economics, such as the endowment effect, which causes individuals to overvalue what they already own, and loss aversion, which distorts judgment by assigning greater emotional weight to losses than to equivalent gains. Accounting — a discipline directly involved with resource allocation, tax compliance, corporate structure and strategic planning — is particularly vulnerable to these biases. 

Prospect theory, developed by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, provides valuable insights into why individuals tend to become more risk-seeking when facing losses. A business owner who sees their profits being eroded by a poorly optimized tax burden is likely to resist change, precisely when change is most needed. Instead of reassessing their tax strategy, they wait, hoping for a reversal that rarely comes without deliberate action. This irrational pursuit of “breaking even” often compounds the problem, as decisions based on hope cannot substitute for well-informed strategy. 

The challenge for modern accounting professionals lies in recognizing that barriers to efficiency often reside not just in data or regulations, but in how clients interpret and respond to information. It’s essential to understand the logic behind business behavior, identify decision-making patterns and develop approaches that inform and motivate action. Knowing what must be done is not always enough — decisions must be structured in a way that aligns with the psychology of the decisionmaker. 

The future of accounting will not be defined solely by technology, but by the profession’s ability to engage with human behavior. Predictive models, smart audits and tax advisory services gain real power when they incorporate an understanding of the cognitive biases influencing choices. Tomorrow’s accounting will be led by professionals who master the numbers and the decision-making dynamics that shape economic outcomes.

President Donald Trump’s campaign tax pledges — no taxes on tips and overtime pay, plus new tax breaks for car buyers and seniors — are the centerpiece of a multitrillion dollar package that will serve as Republicans’ signature legislative effort.

In a draft version of the tax bill released on Monday, House Republicans highlighted the president’s populist priorities in a package that would enact those cuts through 2028. The bill would also make the lower individual tax rates Trump signed in 2017 permanent.

The bill addressed a tax issue that has been dividing lawmakers since it was first restricted by Trump in 2017: the $10,000 cap on the state and local tax deduction. The plan raises the SALT limit to $30,000, but with limits for individuals earning more than $200,000 or couples making twice that. 

The proposal, notably, doesn’t include a tax hike on the wealthiest Americans, after weeks of debate among Republicans about whether to raise levies on millionaires. The bill would permanently extend the 37% top rate for individuals that was set in Trump’s 2017 tax law. That’s despite Trump telling House Speaker Mike Johnson as recently as last week that he wanted a 39.6% rate for individuals making more than $2.5 million.

“The president loves the bill. He met with Jason Smith on Friday and it’s a great first step,” top Trump economic adviser Kevin Hassett told reporters Monday, referring to the House Ways and Means Committee Chair who led the effort to craft the tax bill. 

The package — which Trump has dubbed his “one big, beautiful bill” — is the totality of his legislative agenda. The bill is officially scored as losing $3.7 trillion in revenue over 10 years, within the $4.5 trillion limit lawmakers set for themselves. 

The cost of the bill was constrained by phasing out many renewable energy subsidies and by the SALT limit itself. Without congressional action, SALT would be uncapped after this year, so putting a $30,000 limit on the write-off creates a $900 billion revenue stream to offset some of the cuts. Additionally, many of the new tax breaks — such as no taxes on tips — are only proposed to last for four years, further tamping down costs.

Narrow Republican margins in the House mean that the president needs nearly unanimous support from his party to pass the bill.

The plan will take a big step toward advancing through the House as soon as this week, with the House Ways and Means Committee scheduled to begin debate on it on Tuesday.

Johnson told reporters Monday that the House is on track to pass the legislation by Memorial Day. It would then go to the Senate where it could be subject to major revisions.

Among provisions up for debate: the amount to increase the nation’s borrowing authority. The House bill calls for a $4 trillion increase, smaller than the Senate’s preferred $5 trillion level. Lawmakers are hoping to push any additional votes on raising the debt ceiling until after the 2026 midterm elections. 

Promises made

The draft language includes several of the unorthodox proposals that were central to Trump’s campaign message: no taxes on tipped wages — an idea he said came from a waitress — and eliminating levies on overtime pay. The plan also calls making the interest on car loans deductible, similar to how mortgage interest can be written off. But the car buyers can only claim the break on American-made vehicles, underscoring Trump’s desire to boost U.S. manufacturing.

Trump had also campaigned on ending taxes on Social Security benefits, but that runs afoul of the budget rules Republicans are using to pass the bill. Instead, the bill provides a $4,000 bonus for seniors on top of the regular standard deduction.

One of the thorniest issues — the contentious standoff over increasing the SALT deduction — may still be up for debate. Some lawmakers representing high-tax areas want an even bigger tax break, as much as $124,000 for joint filers, a far cry from the $30,000 cap included in the legislation.

The package lays out new levies. It would impose a new tax on private foundations of up to 10% and a new tax on foreign remittance of 5%, subject to exemptions. Also on the hook for tax increases: wealthy private universities, which could see an increase in the levy on endowments from 1.4% to as high as 21% on investment income.

Multinational companies would get an extension of current lower rates on foreign profits, marking a win for corporate America.

Tax breaks benefiting the renewable energy sector are also set to be scaled back. Popular production and investment tax credits for clean electricity would be phased out by the end of 2031, and new requirements against using materials from certain foreign nations would be added. The $7,500 consumer tax credit for the purchase of an electric vehicle would be fully eliminated by the end of 2026. 

Monday’s draft bill came after the tax-writing committee released some initial provisions late Friday. Those included raising the maximum child tax credit to $2,500 from $2,000 and increasing the standard deduction, both retroactive to 2025 to put more money in voters’ pockets before the 2026 elections. 

The bill also raises the estate tax exemption to $15 million and increases the 20% deduction for closely held businesses to 23%.

While the bill would include roughly $1.5 trillion in spending cuts over the next decade, that wouldn’t come close to covering the roughly $4 trillion in tax cuts outlined in the plan, meaning it would likely add to deficits in the coming years.

Republicans have pointed to tariffs as a key source of revenue to help offset the deficit impact from the tax bill, and data out Monday showed customs duties jumped to a record $16 billion in April. The revenue won’t be officially scored as paying for the bill since the text doesn’t enact the emergency Trump tariffs into law.

Following Monday’s agreement between Beijing and Washington to deescalate the trade war, the Yale Budget Lab estimated all tariffs to date in 2025 would bring in roughly $2.3 trillion over the next decade if they remain in place, after accounting for the negative economic effects from higher levies.

The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants today updated its CGMA Professional Qualifications Syllabus for 2026 to emphasize finance business partnering and applied problem solving.

The upgraded syllabus enhances certain competencies and behaviors like finance business partnering, analytical thinking and strategic planning in response to the growing demand for finance professionals to apply critical thinking skills. It also expands its scope to include content on financial technology, like generative artificial intelligence, and sustainability, like green finance, environmental costing and disclosures under IFRS S1 and S2.

“With a focus on finance role simulations embedded in our Case Study exams, the CGMA Professional Qualification allows finance professionals to quickly develop and apply cognitive, digital, and technical skills needed as finance business partners,” Stephen Flatman, vice president of education and professional qualifications, management accounting at the AICPA & CIMA, said in a statement. “Our unique problem-solving educational approach helps them provide expert advice, support decision-making and create value for organizations.” 

The syllabus changes do not impact those taking CGMA exams in 2025. Additionally, the structure and format of the exam is not changing — there are no elements being added or removed.

Study materials will be launched in October to help students prepare for the May 2026 exams. CIMA has also created over 50 hours of free study materials.

“This year’s update to the CGMA Professional Qualification syllabus sets it apart from traditional accounting and finance education, which still focuses heavily on preparing information, controls, and compliance – tasks increasingly automated by technology,” Andrew Harding, CEO of management accounting at the AICPA& CIMA, said in a statement. “The CGMA Professional Qualification is designed for the future of finance; created by finance professionals to equip future finance professionals with skills they need to be value creators.”