Connect with us

Personal Finance

Why baby boomers hold more mutual funds than ETFs

Published

on

Flashpop | Digitalvision | Getty Images

Despite ongoing investor demand for exchange-traded funds, baby boomers appear to be bucking that trend, new research shows. Experts say there may be a good reason for it.

Only 6% of surveyed baby boomers — those born 1948-1964 — say they plan to “significantly increase” their ETF investments in the next year, according to a new study from Charles Schwab. That compares with 32% of millennials — those born 1981-1996 — and 20% of Generation X, born 1965-1980.

Boomers are also the generation least likely to say they are open to putting their entire portfolio in ETFs in the next five years, with 15%, versus 66% for millennials and 42% for Gen X.

Schwab’s research study into ETF investing has been ongoing for more than 10 years. In 2025, it collected responses from 2,000 investors: 1,000 who participate in ETFs and another 1,000 who don’t. From that sample, 16% were boomers, 35% were Gen X and 43% were millennials.

More from ETF Strategist:

Here’s a look at other stories offering insight on ETFs for investors.

At the same time, baby boomer households were the largest share of mutual fund owners in 2024, at 35% according to a separate report from the Investment Company Institute. The next-largest mutual fund–owning household generations were Gen X, at 28%, and millennials, at 25%.

And therein lies the friction: Baby boomers own a lot of mutual funds — and probably have for a long time, said Dan Sotiroff, senior analyst on passive strategies research at Morningstar. While on the surface it would seem they should sell their mutual funds and buy comparable ETFs because they cost less and are tax efficient, experts say not so fast.

“On the surface, the answer is probably yes,” that they should switch their mutual fund assets to similar ETFs, Sotiroff said.

“But if you dig a little deeper, the answer might be no,” he said. That move may prove unexpectedly expensive.

Why investors favor ETFs

ETFs began gaining traction in the 2000s as a way to invest in a fund with a mix of underlying investments, similar to their cousin, mutual funds. While many mutual funds are actively managed — meaning professionals are at the helm picking the investments — most ETFs are passively managed because they track an index, and performance is based on that of the index.

Generally, the advantage with ETFs is their lower cost, tax efficiency and intraday tradability. As of Sept. 30, ETFs held $12.7 trillion in assets, up from $1 trillion at the end of 2010, according to Morningstar Direct.

While mutual funds’ assets are much higher at $22 trillion, more money is leaving them than going in. 

This year through Sept. 30, mutual funds saw an outflow of $479.4 billion, compared with ETFs taking in $922.8 billion in new money, Morningstar data shows.

A ‘huge capital gain’ for long-term investors

Boomers, who range in age from 61 to 77 and were largely the generation that began using mutual funds in earnest to invest in the stock market, might be sitting on funds they’ve owned for years, if not decades.

If they’ve held those funds in a 401(k) or individual retirement account, selling and buying an ETF is not a taxable event because gains are tax-deferred and any withdrawals generally are taxed as ordinary income (or are tax-free in a Roth) in retirement.

Worldwide Exchange: ETF Flows Week of November 3

But if those mutual funds are in a brokerage account — and have been for a long time — the owner may be sitting on significant capital gains, which are subject to taxation. That means a potential tax bill that has all kinds of repercussions if you’re among the older boomers.

“If you’ve put, say $20,000 into a mutual fund years ago and it’s now worth $70,000 or $80,000, if you go and sell, that’s a huge capital gain,” said certified financial planner Douglas Kobak, the principal and founder of Main Line Group Wealth Management in Park City, Utah.

Assuming you’ve owned the fund for more than a year, the growth would be taxed at a long-term capital gains tax rate of 0%, 15% or 20%, depending on your adjusted gross income. Otherwise, it’s taxed at ordinary income tax rates.

Gains could trigger Medicare surcharge

In addition to a potential tax bill, Kobak said, that gain may push the investor into a higher tax bracket, which comes with implications for retirees enrolled in Medicare

Income-related monthly adjustment amounts, or IRMAAs as they’re called, are added to the standard premiums for Part B outpatient care coverage and Part D prescription drug coverage for enrollees with higher income.

In 2025, IRMAAs apply to incomes above $106,000 for single tax filers and $212,000 for married couples filing jointly. (Next year’s specifics have not been released yet.) The higher the tax bracket, the greater the surcharge amount. And, your tax return from two years earlier is used to determine whether you pay IRMAAs.

Additionally, if you would be selling an actively managed mutual fund for a passively managed ETF, remember that its performance will depend on that of the index it tracks, for better or worse.

“It’s really a question of, ‘Do I want that passive approach in [a particular] asset class relative to what’s going on in the economy around me, or am I better off in that active mutual fund?'” said CFP William Shafransky, a senior wealth advisor with Moneco Advisors in New Canaan, Connecticut.

Continue Reading

Personal Finance

Maximizing Returns in High Rate Climate and market uncertainty

Published

on

Maximizing Returns in High-Rate Climate

In the macroeconomic environment of late July 2026, personal cash management requires an active, structured approach to wealth preservation. With central bank benchmark rates remaining elevated to ensure long-term disinflation, conservative yield-bearing vehicles—such as short-term U.S. Treasury bills, money market funds, and high-yield savings accounts (HYSAs)—continue to offer reliable nominal returns between 4% and 5%. For individual investors, maximizing net returns requires moving beyond passive checking accounts and executing a disciplined cash laddering strategy.

Leaving substantial liquid capital in traditional bank deposits creates an invisible drag on personal net worth due to ongoing inflation. By implementing a tiered liquidity framework, individuals can split emergency cash reserves and short-term capital allocations across rolling maturities. Allocating cash into 4-week, 8-week, and 13-week Treasury bills creates a continuous cycle of maturing liquidity, allowing investors to continuously reinvest capital at prevailing market yields while maintaining immediate access to emergency funds.

Tax efficiency represents a critical dimension of high-yield cash optimization. For high-earning individuals residing in states with substantial local income taxes, direct holdings in short-term U.S. Treasury instruments often deliver superior net post-tax yields compared to standard commercial bank HYSAs. Because interest earned on federal Treasury bills is strictly exempt from state and local taxation, investors can retain a larger portion of their compounding interest gains without taking on additional credit or market risk.

Ultimately, personal wealth accumulation in mid-2026 relies on intentional capital deployment. Cash should be managed as a productive asset class that generates consistent, risk-free returns. Regularly auditing account yield terms, automating recurring transfers, and leveraging tax-advantaged fixed-income instruments ensures that personal liquidity remains fully optimized against macroeconomic fluctuations.

Continue Reading

Personal Finance

Algorithmic Wealth Management: Balancing Automated Financial Planning with Human Oversight

Published

on

Balancing Automated Financial Planning with Human Oversight

The personal finance industry in July 2026 is experiencing a technological evolution, driven by the wide deployment of next-generation algorithmic wealth management tools. Modern digital financial platforms have expanded far beyond basic automated index investing; today’s robo-advisors utilize real-time tax-loss harvesting, dynamic portfolio rebalancing, and hyper-personalized spending analysis to optimize retail investor outcomes. However, as these digital solutions become ubiquitous, investors face the crucial challenge of balancing automated execution with human strategic judgment.

The core advantage of automated financial planning platforms lies in their ability to remove emotional bias from investment execution. During periods of market volatility or localized sector realignments, automated algorithms systematically rebalance portfolios back to target asset allocations without falling victim to panic selling or speculative enthusiasm. Furthermore, integrated cash-flow monitoring algorithms analyze individual spending patterns in real time, automatically sweeping surplus income into designated retirement or debt-liquidation accounts to accelerate net worth accumulation.

Despite these operational advantages, algorithmic tools have inherent structural limitations when addressing complex, highly personalized financial life events. Decisions involving multi-generational estate planning, highly complex tax strategies, small business exits, or nuanced real estate transactions require contextual human judgment that software models cannot replicate. Relying solely on automated models without periodic human professional review can result in misaligned risk profiles or overlooked tax liabilities during major life transitions.

The optimal approach for personal financial planning in late 2026 is a hybrid advisory model. Individuals should utilize automated platforms for routine asset allocation, continuous tax optimization, and low-cost passive index tracking, while engaging qualified human financial advisors for periodic strategic planning, estate structuring, and qualitative risk evaluations. This dual approach ensures maximum cost efficiency and disciplined execution while retaining essential strategic guidance.

Continue Reading

Personal Finance

High-Yield Optimization: Structuring Personal Cash Reserves in a Sustained Rate Environment

Published

on

Structuring Personal Cash Reserves in a Sustained Rate Environment

In the financial environment of mid-2026, personal cash management has re-emerged as a vital component of holistic wealth building. With central bank policy rates holding firm to maintain long-term price stability, yield-bearing instruments such as money market funds, high-yield savings accounts (HYSAs), and short-term Treasury bills continue to offer compounding returns around 4% to 5%. For individual investors, effectively structuring cash reserves requires shifting away from passive bank deposits toward active yield optimization.

A frequent pitfall in personal asset management is leaving substantial liquid capital in traditional checking or low-yield savings accounts, where real returns are continuously eroded by baseline inflation. By implementing a disciplined ‘cash ladder’ strategy—allocating liquid funds across tiered maturities using ultra-short Treasury instruments and FDIC-insured high-yield accounts—individuals can secure maximal yields while retaining immediate liquidity for emergency expenses or tactical investment opportunities.

Simultaneously, investors must evaluate the tax efficiency of their cash holdings based on their tax bracket and geographic location. For high earners situated in states with high local income taxes, direct holdings in short-term U.S. Treasury bills often yield a higher net post-tax return than standard high-yield savings accounts, as Treasury interest is strictly exempt from state and local taxation. Understanding these nuanced tax distinctions allows individuals to capture significant incremental gains without taking on additional market risk.

Ultimately, personal financial health in late 2026 hinges on intentional liquidity management. Cash reserves should not be viewed merely as static emergency funds, but as a dynamic asset class that contributes positively to net worth growth. Regularly auditing yield terms, automating cash transfers, and optimizing for post-tax efficiency ensures that personal capital remains fully productive across all economic conditions.

Continue Reading

Trending