Personal Finance
Here’s what happens to your student loan debt when you die
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It’s not unusual to hear people struggling with their student loan debt bemoan that they feel like they’ll be paying until they die. Which begs the question: What happens to the debt at that point?
It may be a question increasingly on people’s minds, as the number of older student loan borrowers trends upward. There were 2.8 million people 62 and older who still carried student loan debt in the second quarter of 2024, up from 1.7 million borrowers in that age cohort in 2017, according to new data from the U.S. Department of Education.
This isn’t just a risk for older borrowers, either. Some financial experts recommend that families take out life insurance — to cover any remaining debt — even on younger borrowers with private or co-signed debt. Additionally, if your loan doesn’t discharge, some experts suggest refinancing to add a discharge policy
“We have worked with many families that have suffered the loss of a loved one who held student loans,” said Betsy Mayotte, president of The Institute of Student Loan Advisors, a nonprofit.
Here’s what you need to know in such cases.
Federal student loans die with you
Fortunately, no one will be responsible for your federal education debt when you’re gone, said higher education expert Mark Kantrowitz.
“Federal student loans die with the borrower,” Kantrowitz said.
Any Parent PLUS loans will be discharged if the parent holding the loans dies, or if student for whom the parent borrowed dies, he added. Someone who has “endorsed” a Parent PLUS loan, which is similar to the co-signing process on a private loan, does not become responsible for the debt if the parent or student dies.
Those who’ve lost someone with student debt should ask the borrower’s loan servicer what proof they’ll need to discharge it, Mayotte said. (An original death certificate or a certified copy of the death certificate will likely be acceptable documentation, according to the U.S. Department of Education.)
While the family gathers this information, the borrower’s account should be placed on hold for 60 days, Mayotte said. If you’re unsure of the borrower’s loan servicer, you may be able to find out at Studentaid.gov.
“There are currently no taxes on this discharge, so the deceased’s estate would be free and clear of the debt,” Mayotte added.
With private student loans, responsibility is murkier
Some lenders of private student loans will cancel the debt if a borrower dies, but it is not guaranteed, Kantrowitz said. “About half of private student loans have a death discharge and about half do not,” he said. (On Kantrowitz’s website, PrivateStudentLoans.guru, he tries to keep track of different lenders’ policies.)
If the lender doesn’t offer a death discharge option, anyone who has co-signed on that loan can be held liable, Mayotte said. Even if there is no co-signer, there can be situations in which the deceased person’s estate would be held responsible for the private student loan, she added.
“In no case would family members be liable outside of the estate,” Mayotte said.
Even if a lender doesn’t offer a death discharge, someone who co-signed the loan might want to call the company and explain your situation if it would be difficult to repay it, Kantrowitz said. If you have health issues or are on a fixed income, you’ll want to point that out, he added.
“The family should contact the lender’s ombudsman to ask for a compassionate review,” Kantrowitz said. “The lenders don’t want bad press.”
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A number of states have passed protections for co-signers of private student loans, and it’s worth checking what rights you might be entitled to, experts add.
Maine Senate Majority Leader Eloise Vitelli, a Democrat, sponsored the state’s Student Loan Bill of Rights, which went into effect in 2019. The death of a woman with student loans prompted that legislation, Vitelli said. The woman’s parents reached out to Vitelli’s office, seeking help.
“They had a horrific story to tell about having co-signed their daughter’s student loans, not really knowing what they were getting into,” Vitelli said. “And then she died, and they were still being hounded by the loan servicer.”
— Additional reporting by Genna Contino.
Correction: Mark Kantrowitz’s website is PrivateStudentLoans.guru. An earlier version misstated the website’s name.
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Millions of older workers lost their jobs during the Covid-19 recession.
Between March and April 2020, 5.7 million workers ages 55 and up lost their jobs, according to the Economic Policy Institute’s analysis of federal data.
Now, five years since the onset of the pandemic, some older workers may be benefitting from policies that help them extend their careers.
“We’re seeing more and more employers putting in benefits and programs that help retain some of that older workforce,” said Carly Roszkowski, vice president of financial resilience programming at AARP.
These programs include phased retirement plans, part-time schedules and remote or hybrid work options, Roszkowski said.
Money is still the main reason why people want to stay in the workforce longer, particularly as inflation has pushed prices higher, according to Roszkowski. But there are also other motivators, including social connections, a sense of purpose or meaningful work that may help inspire individuals to continue to work.
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Working remotely may help extend careers
One lasting impact of the pandemic — increased flexibility to work remotely — may be helping some older workers delay retirement, according to new research from the Center for Retirement Research at Boston College.
The research finds that an individual who is working remotely is 1.4 percentage points less likely to retire than a worker in an otherwise comparable situation.
Based on those results, that could enable workers to extend their careers by almost a full year.
“If they delay claiming Social Security for that year, or delay digging into their 401(k) for that year, or contribute to their 401(k) for that year, that’s all going to be good for their finances,” said Geoffrey Sanzenbacher, a research fellow at the Center for Retirement Research and professor of the practice of economics at Boston College.
Whether or not individuals can work remotely comes down to employer preference. For example, some companies — JPMorgan, AT&T, Amazon and Dell — have moved to five-day in-office policies. The federal government, which has a workforce that skews older, has also moved to enforce in-person work policies under President Donald Trump.
Research suggests older workers benefit from remote work. In particular, the employment rate of older workers who have a disability increased by 10% following the pandemic, according to the Center for Retirement Research.
To be sure, not all careers may allow for remote work.
What career experts say to do now
Career experts say there are certain ways older workers can help extend the longevity of their working years.
Older workers should focus on upscaling — gaining new skills or boosting their current skill set — to help show off their skills to employers, said Vicki Salemi, career expert at Monster. That may be through a certification, online class or volunteering, she said.
Having a foundational, basic understanding of technology tools used in the workplace is also essential, said Kyle M.K., a talent strategy advisor at Indeed.com.
Older workers may also want to show off their relationship building skills, which can set them apart from younger generations that are more digitally inclined, according to Salemi.
Mentoring, conflict resolution or other interpersonal skills are highly sought after skills that should be highlighted, where possible, M.K. said.
By keeping digital profiles up to date on job search sites, older workers can emphasize their skills and experience, he said.
“Digital presence is sometimes the very first introduction that the employer will have with you,” M.K. said.
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If you’re eager to increase your retirement savings, a lesser-known 401(k) feature could significantly boost your nest egg, financial advisors say.
For 2025, you can defer up to $23,500 into your 401(k), plus an extra $7,500 in “catch-up contributions” if you’re age 50 and older. That catch-up contribution jumps to $11,250 for investors age 60 to 63.
Some plans offer after-tax 401(k) contributions on top of those caps. For 2025, the max 401(k) limit is $70,000, which includes employee deferrals, after-tax contributions, company matches, profit sharing and other deposits.
If you can afford to do this, “it’s an amazing outcome,” said certified financial planner Dan Galli, owner of Daniel J. Galli & Associates in Norwell, Massachusetts.
“Sometimes, people don’t believe it’s real,” he said, because you can automatically contribute and then convert the funds to “turn it into tax-free income.”
However, many plans still don’t offer the feature. In 2023, only 22% of employer plans offered after-tax 401(k) contributions, according to the latest data from Vanguard’s How America Saves report. It’s most common in larger plans.
Even when it’s available, employee participation remains low. Only 9% of investors with access leveraged the feature in 2023, the same Vanguard report found. That’s down slightly from 10% in 2022.
How to start tax-free growth
After-tax and Roth contributions both begin with after-tax 401(k) deposits. But there’s a key difference: The taxes on future growth.
Roth money grows tax-free, which means future withdrawals aren’t subject to taxes. To compare, after-tax deposits grow tax-deferred, meaning your returns incur regular income taxes when withdrawn.
That’s why it’s important to convert after-tax funds to Roth periodically, experts say.
“The longer you leave those after-tax dollars in there, the more tax liability there will be,” Galli said. But the conversion process is “unique to each plan.”
Often, you’ll need to request the transfer, which could be limited to monthly or quarterly transactions, whereas the best plans convert to Roth automatically, he said.
Focus on regular 401(k) deferrals first
Before making after-tax 401(k) contributions, you should focus on maxing out regular pre-tax or Roth 401(k) deferrals to capture your employer match, said CFP Ashton Lawrence at Mariner Wealth Advisors in Greenville, South Carolina.
After that, cash flow permitting, you could “start filling up the after-tax bucket,” depending on your goals, he said. “In my opinion, every dollar needs to find a home.”
In 2023, only 14% of employees maxed out their 401(k) plan, according to the Vanguard report. For plans offering catch-up contributions, only 15% of employees participated.
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