Connect with us

Accounting

Ending Chevron deference has implications for alternative investment firms

Published

on

With its decision in Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo, the Supreme Court ended a 40-year precedent established by the case of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. of giving deference to regulatory agencies in interpreting legislation such agencies administer. 

While neither of the cases is a tax case, the decision in Loper has broad implications for the tax regulations written and administered by the Department of the Treasury and the IRS as well as the agencies tasked with the regulation of the alternatives industry. 

Under Chevron, the examination of regulations was subject to a two-step approach: 

1. Determination of whether there is ambiguity in the statutory language, and if there is, 
2. Whether the regulatory agency provided a permissible interpretation of the statute. 

To the extent both conditions were met, agency interpretation of the statute would receive deference, even if the interpretation was not one that would have been reached by the courts. Over the years there has been a move toward making ambiguity in the statutory language a given, leaving the courts with the determination of the reasonableness of the interpretation by the agencies. 

Loper intends to return the task of determining the best (as opposed to permissible) interpretation of the legislation to the courts. The Loper decision has the potential to have widespread implications for tax regulations and administration and provide opportunities for taxpayers, while creating a more uncertain regulatory environment. As it relates to tax provisions relevant for alternative investment firms, two could be specifically impacted. 

Code Section 1061 was enacted by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 and is intended to limit carried interest earned by alternative funds managers taxed at preferential long-term rates to amounts earned from the sale of assets held for greater than three years. While simple on the surface, the details of getting the goal of the legislation accomplished are quite complex and were largely left to the regulations to work out. 

One of the exceptions provided for in the Code, by Section 1061(c)(4)(A), is the exception for carried interest held by a corporation. On its surface, by the plain reading of the statute, the exception means provisions of Section 1061 should not apply to carried interest held by a corporation. However, Regulation Section 1.1061-3(b)(2)(i) was published to interpret Section 1061(c)(4)(A) and provides that the exception should not apply to a corporation that has made an election to be treated as an S corporation or a passive foreign investment company that has made a Qualified Electing Fund election. 

While many commentators have expressed a view that exclusion of certain corporations from the definition of a corporation for purposes of Section 1061 by regulation is an overreach and is contrary to the plain reading of the statute, to date taxpayers have been reluctant to take positions contrary to the regulation or to litigate the matter. As with other positions taken contrary to regulation, taxpayers’ decisions with respect to the application of the Section 1061 regulations may need to be reexamined in light of the Loper decision. Without the same deference awarded to the Treasury’s interpretation of the legislative intent and the statute, the courts may take a broader view of what “corporation” means for purposes of Section 1061. And the government, for its part, may need to take legislative action if its true intent was to exclude certain corporations from the exception provided for in Section 1061. 

The other area to watch with particular interest for alternative asset managers is the saga surrounding regulations under IRC Section 1402(a)(13). Broadly, Section 1402(a)(13) exempts income earned by limited partners from self-employment taxes. The exemption has been relied on by alternative asset managers, most commonly structured as limited partnerships, to exempt large portions of their net management fees from self-employment taxes. The struggle to define “limited partner” for purposes of Section 1402 has been undertaken by the Treasury when it issued proposed regulations in 1997 and by courts on numerous occasions, but most recently in the case of Soroban Capital Partners v. Commissioner. 

The 1997 proposed regulations tried to provide a functional test to determine whether an individual was a limited partner for the purposes of Section 1402. These regulations were withdrawn after the Senate specifically expressed concerns that the proposed regulations exceed the regulatory authority of the Treasury and indicated that “Congress, not the Department of the Treasury or the Internal Revenue Service, should determine the tax law governing self-employment income for limited partners.” 

In the Soroban case, the court has chosen to continue pursuing the functional analysis in determining whether limited partners in asset managers were limited partners for purposes of Section 1402(a)(13), most recently ruling that they were not. The IRS, however, has included regulation under Section 1402(a)(13) on its priority guidance plan for fiscal year 2023-2024. The year ended June 30, 2024, and the plan for 2024-2025 fiscal year has yet to be released, but if the self-employment for limited partners guidance remains on the priority guidance list, and the IRS in fact undertakes the task of providing regulations defining a limited partner, there could be tension between what impact the Loper and Soroban decisions would have on the direction the IRS takes in its rulemaking. It also can cause further confusion for the principals of asset management firms (as well as other service-type businesses operating as limited partnerships) and serve as a reminder to Congress that it indicated that the guidance on the matter should come from them. 

While the Loper decision does not provide any clarity or guidance on the complicated and uncertain tax issues facing alternative asset firms, it might provide opportunities for taxpayers to refine and redefine their tax positions in cases where current or prospective tax regulations do not provide the best interpretation of the statute.

Continue Reading
Click to comment

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Accounting

Acumatica launches version supporting professional services like engineers and consultants

Published

on

Cloud solutions provider Acumatica announced the release of its Professional Services Edition, made to help support accounting and project management tasks for consultants, engineers, architects and other professionals. 

“These industry trends and direct feedback from the Acumatica Community were the main drivers for creating the Professional Services Edition, with customers, partners and developers voting it a must-have solution,” said Jeremy Larsen, vice president of product management at Acumatica. “The professional services industry is an underserved market for technology companies, providing a significant opportunity for innovation. As the fourth-largest vertical of customers we already serve, our partners have expressed strong enthusiasm about the potential impact of this release.”

The business management solution was built to address the unique challenges faced in the professional services industry, such as inefficiencies in quote-to-project setup, industry-specific billing rate structures, and customer support management. Features includes project accounting, compliance management, and AI-driven workflow automation. 

Acumatica offices

Specifically, users have access to Acumatica Financial Management, which has standard financial processes (GL/AP/AR) and reports, with additional options for multi-company, multicurrency, intercompany accounting, fixed assets, and cash management. They can also access accounts payable cost transactions related to progress billing lines from the pro forma side panel for timely vendor payments and increased billing accuracy, and tie revenue recognition to project milestones or deliverables.

It can also progress billing by percentage of completion or by quantity. Users can also manage AP workflows, from entering an invoice through approval routing and checks. Meanwhile, customer billing capacities, driven by real-time project costing, provide up-to-date labor, material, equipment, and other costs, letting users identify problem areas in current jobs and improve future project estimates.

The Professional Services Edition also boasts the ability to capture time and expense from any device, entries for which then flow to project accounting for costs and expenses related to projects or specific project tasks. Billable activities can also be marked up depending on the project, task, employee, or activity performed. The solution also has integrated payment capacities that automates accounts receivable processing to reduce back-office workloads and get paid faster.

Other payment-related features include click-to-pay links, and a self-service portal which streamlines communication with push notifications, giving customers access to support cases and payment options. The software can also specify tax calculations directly in the project and automatically retrieve and calculate all invoices, purchase orders, subcontracts, and expenses.

Project management capacities include the ability to access a complete view of project details, letting users manage and track all activities, issues, and changes, including daily field reports, actual costs, and cost projections from one central area. They can also ensure resource availability to allocate staff, equipment, and technology by team, department, and timeframe, letting users assign tasks and workflows to manage project resources and tie the costs to the project budget. Field reporting and mobility features help ensure everyone has the same project data from the field or anywhere they work and remotely enter time and expense details. There are also project productivity and insights features which use side panels for a quick and comprehensive view of key project data without navigating out of the current window. 

The new edition also features embedded customer relationship management solutions that help firms to keep detailed records of client interactions, proposals, manage contracts, payments, renewals, and compliance documents. They can also control cost overruns by automating project commitments and change order processes, meaning users can manage back charges or reduction in vendor commitments through the entry of a negative change order, as well as  streamline change orders for multiple projects with unit rate changes, custom retainage, and cost-only change requests. 

“Professional services firms face intense competition and require advanced business management technology to enhance operations and drive future growth,” said Jason Leveson, principal at Revive ERP, an Acumatica partner. “Acumatica’s Professional Services Edition is a smart step in providing these firms with the tools they need to stay agile, scale effectively and maintain a competitive edge in an ever-evolving market.”

The Professional Services Edition joins Acumatica’s existing suite, which includes the Construction Edition, Manufacturing Edition, Distribution Edition, Retail Edition and General Business Edition.

Continue Reading

Accounting

Tax scammers on the prowl after hurricanes

Published

on

Hurricane Milton damage in Florida
Destroyed homes after Hurricane Milton in St. Pete Beach, Florida, on Oct. 10.

Tristan Wheelock/Bloomberg

Scammers are using fake charities in the wake of Hurricanes Milton and Helene to harvest personal and financial data from unsuspecting taxpayers.

“You should never feel pressured by solicitors to immediately give to a charity,” said Commissioner Danny Werfel in a statement from the IRS, which issued the warning. “Verify if they’re authentic first.”

Tips to verify charities and spot fake ones:

  • Scammers frequently use names that sound like well-known charities to confuse people. Fake charity promoters may also use bogus emails or fake websites or alter or “spoof” their caller ID to make themselves look like a real charity. Ask the fundraiser for the charity’s name, website and mailing address. Check the Tax-Exempt Organization Search tool on IRS.gov to help find or verify legitimate charities.
  • Never work with charities that ask for donations by giving numbers from a gift card or wiring money. It’s safest to pay by credit card or check, and only after verifying the charity is real.
  • Scammers want both money and personal information. Never disclose Social Security numbers, credit card numbers or personal identification numbers
  • Scammers often pressure people into making an immediate payment. In contrast, legitimate charities are happy to get a donation at any time.

The IRS has other background on its Charity and Disaster Fraud page.

Continue Reading

Accounting

The digital transformation of audit: Our Moneyball moment

Published

on

In today’s rapidly evolving business landscape, the expectations placed on auditors and advisors are shifting significantly. 

As finance functions within organizations embrace technological advancements, there is mounting pressure on public accounting firms to match or exceed the pace of change and sophistication of their clients to perform their expected role.

Recent industry research indicates clients are noticing this growing gap in capabilities. Businesses are actively seeking accounting firms offering a more progressive approach, with 55% wanting an audit that can scale and support their growth goals and expectations. Further, 67% feel audits can provide valuable insights in these areas, but feel the current process is hindering this (“What modern businesses want from their audits”). 

Many accounting firms are excited by high-margin and high-growth advisory services. There is a huge amount of opportunity in this area, including services such as ESG, digital transformation, and AI strategy. 

But how can a firm pitch a credible offering to a company in these areas if their core services such as audit and tax are still highly manual? Discussing cyber risks and data security feels disingenuous while their teams drown in spreadsheets as their desktop software synchronizes.

Public accounting firms need to eat their own dog food, digitally transforming their own business to provide a credible and broad suite of valuable compliance and advisory services to clients. These war stories and firsthand experiences are what bring to life the page in the sales brochure.

The Oakland Athletics show the way

Over the past decade, technology has made significant advances. Just look at the NASDAQ’s most valuable companies by market capitalization: Apple, Microsoft, Alphabet, Amazon, and NVIDIA — all companies built on the value of technology and data.

Yet, in the auditing profession many firms remain cautious over new technology. Some recite that audit standards have not been updated to endorse such technologies and until this happens, they won’t change: “The audit standards are still written assuming the auditor cannot review all transactions and must sample, so why would I use data analytics to analyze all the transactions?”

This mindset has led many to stick to traditional methods, feeling unable to change despite the clear benefits that modern technology can offer.

This might be audit’s Moneyball moment.

The story of the 2002 Oakland Athletics is well known and has been told more broadly through the hit film “Moneyball,” starring Brad Pitt. 

The rules of baseball do not significantly change from year to year. There was no major change ahead of the 2002 season. Yet one team decided to take a new approach to the game.

Auditing technology concept image

WrightStudio – stock.adobe.com

Rather than leaning on the traditional scouting approaches and views of those who had been in baseball all their lives, Billy Beane decided to embrace statistical analysis. As the general manager, he brought onto his team players undervalued by these traditional scouting methods. He adopted a data-driven approach to team-building and playing the game of baseball.

So, the rules of the game hadn’t changed, but one team decided to play the game differently within those existing rules. The Oakland Athletics chose to use data over the traditional approach. They set new records and stood shoulder-to-shoulder with teams that had far greater resources. 

Now every baseball team has embraced what Billy Beane started, and we have seen the same in other sports like the football. “Analytics” was originally scoffed at by commentators and former players. Now it is an integral part of everything from draft selection to in-game strategy.

The audit standards are akin to the rules of baseball. The rules do not need to change for a better way to play the game to be possible. The standards do not need to change for there to be a better way of auditing.

Digital audits are a way of leveraging data, data analytics, and modern technologies to deliver more efficient and valuable audits, while safely complying with the existing audit standards.

The role of governing bodies: Ensuring innovation and progress

Professional bodies, regulators, and standard-setters play a crucial role in helping firms navigate change. Innovation within firms brings greater creativity and variation to the way traditional services like audit are being performed. While evolving the rulebook is required, the process to change audit standards is necessarily deliberate, considered, and therefore slow. 

So, governing bodies must stay close to firms and the solution providers they are working with to drive innovation. Understanding new techniques as they are being conceived and trialed, not after they have matured and then witnessed in an audit inspection, could shorten this feedback loop by multiple years.

This level of transparency and collaboration requires trust. Professional bodies who see demand from their members for support as an opportunity to step in as a direct solution provider should be mindful of the impact. This changes relationships with solution providers and introduces conflicts to their role of advancing the profession.

In the U.K., there have been several positive initiatives aimed at fostering the collaborative advancement of the audit profession. Following comprehensive government-commissioned reports such as the Kingman and Brydon Reviews, UK audit firms have been redefining their operations and what an audit represents. 

The Financial Reporting Council, the U.K.’s audit regulator, has launched sandbox and other experimentation initiatives to support firms exploring more innovative auditing techniques. The professional body, the Institute of Chartered Accountants of England and Wales, has also embedded modern commercially available auditing technology directly within their accountancy exams to teach students digital auditing skills.

The U.S. could learn a lot from experiences on the other side of the Atlantic … .

The changing landscape of solution providers

For many years, public accounting firms have faced limited audit solution choice. 

This lack of competition has caused the market to circle the drain. Accounting firms have felt trapped by audit methodologies written generations ago, housed in desktop software which survived the millennium bug. This has then caused a chronic underinvestment in the market by the incumbent providers.

But the rise of cloud computing is driving a movement towards smaller, more agile providers, often with Big Four experience. They have developed enterprise-ready platforms leveraging the infrastructure and security of Microsoft Azure and other cloud providers. This means David can take on Goliath — but this time with more powerful capabilities.

The competition brought by more agile solution providers benefits CPA firms by:

  1. Offering more choice and new ideas;
  2. Providing more implementation support and guidance; and,
  3. Pressuring incumbents to modernize their offerings.

These solution providers are still evolving. Some come heavily backed by venture capital and private equity. Others have been successful in organically growing their business, as large firms early-adopted their solution. While the difference may seem subtle, the question remains whether in the long term these new vendors will take on, or be acquired by, the larger incumbent vendors.
This may ultimately come down to product strategy. Those offering narrow point-solutions may more naturally become target acquisitions for the large vendors with holes in their offerings. Or as territory defense. Those building rival suites, or committing to progressive partnerships to create alternative suites will more likely go long and create a healthier competitive landscape into the future.

Stop talking about the future of audit

There is a generational change in motion within the audit profession. Almost every CPA firm will review, and likely change, their audit technology in the next three years. 

They will ditch the desktop. But will they simply crawl to the cloud, doing the same work in a different place?

Or will they deploy digital, embracing data and automation to skip a step and make a more progressive change?

Firms that go digital will achieve greater efficiencies through automation. But more important, they will strategically position themselves to more easily embrace future technology advancements — embedding the skillsets and data disciplines required to capitalize on artificial intelligence and all the new innovations we are yet to experience.

And it is worth considering given the severe talent challenges — firms that are embracing technology are more attractive employers for those now looking to start and continue a career in accounting.

Traditional British pubs have a sign behind the bar stating the beer will be free tomorrow. But tomorrow never comes.

It’s time to stop listening to the theoretical presentations on the future of audit. The technology is here. More innovative innovation partners are here. CPA firms are implementing a digital audit approach and being successful. 

The relevance of the audit service to the needs of modern business may be judged in future years on the strategic decisions that accounting firm leaders make over the coming years.

Continue Reading

Trending