Finance
Fed holds interest rates steady
WASHINGTON – The Federal Reserve in a closely watched decision Wednesday held the line on benchmark interest rates though still indicated that reductions are likely later in the year.
Faced with pressing concerns over the impact tariffs will have on a slowing economy, the rate-setting Federal Open Market Committee kept its key borrowing rate targeted in a range between 4.25%-4.5%, where it has been since December. Markets had been pricing in virtually zero chance of a move at this week’s two-day policy meeting.
Along with the decision, officials updated their rate and economic projections for this year and through 2027 and altered the pace at which they are reducing bond holdings.
Despite the uncertain impact of President Donald Trump‘s tariffs as well as an ambitious fiscal policy of tax breaks and deregulation, officials said they still see another half percentage point of rate cuts through 2025. The Fed prefers to move in quarter percentage point increments, so that would mean two cuts this year.
In its post-meeting statement, the FOMC noted an elevated level of ambiguity surrounding the current climate.
“Uncertainty around the economic outlook has increased,” the document stated. “The Committee is attentive to the risks to both sides of its dual mandate.”
The Fed is charged with the twin-goals of maintaining full employment and low prices.
The committee downgraded its collective outlook for economic growth and gave a bump higher to its inflation projection. Officials now see the economy accelerating at just a 1.7% pace this year, down 0.4 percentage point from the last projection in December. On inflation, core prices are expected to grow at a 2.8% annual pace, up 0.3 percentage point from the previous estimate.
According to the “dot plot” of officials’ rate expectations, the view is turning somewhat more hawkish on rates from December. At the previous meeting, just one participant saw no rate changes in 2025, compared to four now.
The grid showed rate expectations unchanged over December for future years, with the equivalent of two cuts expected in 2026 and one more in 2027 before the fed funds rate settles in at a longer-run level around 3%.
In addition to the rate decision, the Fed announced a further scaling back of its “quantitative tightening” program in which it is slowly reducing the bonds it holds on its balance sheet.
The central bank now will allow just $5 billion in maturing proceeds from Treasurys to roll off each month, down from $25 billion. However, it left a $35 billion cap on mortgage-backed securities unchanged, a level it has rarely hit since starting the process.
Fed Governor Christopher Waller was the lone dissenting vote for the Fed’s move. However, the statement noted that Waller favored holding rates steady but wanted to see the QT program go on as before.
The Fed’s actions follow a hectic beginning to President Donald Trump’s second term in office. The Republican has rattled financial markets with tariffs implemented thus far on steel, aluminum and an assortment of other goods against U.S. global trading partners.
In addition, the administration is threatening another round of even more aggressive duties following a review that is scheduled for release April 2.
An uncertain air over what is to come has dimmed the confidence of consumers, who in recent surveys have jacked up inflation expectations because of the tariffs. Retail spending increased in February, albeit less than expected though underlying indicators showed that consumers are still weathering the stormy political climate.
Stocks have been fragile since Trump assumed office, with major averages dipping in and out of correction territory as administration officials cautioned about an economic reset away from government-fueled stimulus and towards a more private sector-oriented approach.
Bank of America CEO Brian Moynihan earlier Wednesday countered much of the gloomy talk recently around Wall Street. The head of the second-largest U.S. bank by assets said card data shows spending is continuing at a solid pace, with BofA’s economists expecting the economy to grow around 2% this year.
However, some cracks have been showing in the labor market.
Nonfarm payrolls grew at a slower-than-expected pace in February and a broad measure of unemployment that includes discouraged and underemployed workers jumped a half percentage point during the month to its highest level since October 2021.
A worker finishes red Santa Claus hats for export at a factory on April 28, 2025, near Yiwu, Zhejiang province, China.
Kevin Frayer | Getty Images News | Getty Images
BEIJING — The U.S.-China tariff cuts, even if temporary, address a major pain point: Christmas presents.
Nearly a fifth of U.S. retail sales last year came from the Christmas holiday season, according to CNBC calculations based on data from the National Retail Federation. The period saw a 4% year-on-year sales increase to a record $994.1 billion.
“With the speed of Chinese factories, this 90-day window can resolve most of the product shortages for the U.S. Christmas season,” Ryan Zhao, director at export-focused company Jiangsu Green Willow Textile said Monday in Chinese, translated by CNBC.
His company had paused production for U.S. clients last month. He expects orders to resume but not necessarily to the same levels as before the new tariffs kicked in since U.S. buyers have found alternatives to China-based suppliers in the last few weeks.
U.S. retailers typically place orders months in advance, giving factories in China enough lead time to manufacture the products and ship them to reach the U.S. ahead of major holidays. The two global superpowers’ sudden doubling of tariffs in early April forced some businesses to halt production, raising questions about whether supply chains would be able to resume work in time to get products on the shelves for Christmas.
“The 90-day window staves off a potential Christmas disaster for retailers,” Cameron Johnson, Shanghai-based senior partner at consulting firm Tidalwave Solutions, said Monday.
“It does not help Father’s Day [sales] and there will still be impact on back-to-school sales, as well as added costs for tariffs and logistics so prices will be going up overall,” he said.
But U.S. duties on Chinese goods aren’t completely gone.
The Trump administration added 20% in tariffs on Chinese goods earlier this year in two phases, citing the country’s alleged role in the U.S. fentanyl crisis. The addictive drug, precursors to which are mostly produced in China and Mexico, has led to tens of thousands of overdose deaths each year in the U.S.
The subsequent tit-for-tat trade spat saw duties skyrocketing over 100% on exports from both countries.
While most of those tariffs have been paused for 90 days under the U.S.-China’s new deal announced Monday, the previously-imposed tariffs will remain in place.
UBS estimates that the total weighted average U.S. tariff rate on Chinese products now stands around 43.5%, including pre-existing duties imposed in past years.
For running shoes produced in China, the total tariff is now 47%, still well above the 17% level in January, said Tony Post, CEO and founder of Massachusetts-based Topo Athletic. He said his company received some cost reductions from its China factories and suppliers, but still had to raise prices slightly to offset the tariff impact.
“While this is good news, we’re still hopeful the two countries can reach an acceptable permanent agreement,” he said. “We remain committed to our Chinese suppliers and are relieved, at least for now, that we can continue to work together.”
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U.S. retail giant Walmart declined to confirm the impact of the reduced tariffs on its orders from China.
“We are encouraged by the progress made over the weekend and will have more to say during our earnings call later this week,” the company said in a statement to CNBC. The U.S. retail giant is set to report quarterly results Thursday.
China’s exports to the U.S. fell by more than 20% in April from a year ago, but overall Chinese exports to the world rose by 8.1% during that time, official data showed last week. Goldman Sachs estimated around 16 million Chinese jobs are tied to producing products for the U.S.
The app icons for Revolut and Monzo displayed on a smartphone.
Betty Laura Zapata | Bloomberg via Getty Images
Financial technology firms were initially the biggest losers of interest rate hikes by global central banks in 2022, which led to tumbling valuations.
With time though, this change in the interest rate environment steadily boosted profits for fintechs. This is because higher rates boost what’s called net interest income — or the difference between the rates charged for loans and the interest paid out to savers.
In 2024, several fintechs — including Robinhood, Revolut and Monzo — saw a boost to their bottom lines as a result. Robinhood reported $1.4 billion in annual profit, boosted by a 19% jump in net interest income year-over-year, to $1.1 billion.
Revolut also saw a 58% jump in net interest income last year, which helped lift profits to £1.1 billion ($1.45 billion). Monzo, meanwhile, reported its first annual profit in the year ending March 31, 2024, buoyed by a 167% increase in net interest income.
Now, fintechs — and especially digital banks — face a key test as a broad decline in interest rates raises doubts about the sustainability of relying on this heightened income over the long term.
“An environment of falling interest rates may pose challenges for some fintech players with business models anchored to net interest income,” Lindsey Naylor, partner and head of U.K. financial services at Bain & Company, told CNBC via email.
Falling benchmark interest rates could be “a test of the resilience of fintech firms’ business models,” Naylor added.
“Lower rates may expose vulnerabilities in some fintechs — but they may also highlight the adaptability and durability of others with broader income strategies.”
It’s unclear how significant an impact falling interest rates will have on the sector overall. In the first quarter of 2025, Robinhood reported $290 million of net interest revenues, up 14% year-over-year.
However, in the U.K., results from payments infrastructure startup ClearBank hinted at the impact of lower rates. ClearBank swung to a pre-tax loss of £4.4 million last year on the back of a shift from interest income toward fee-based income, as well as expenditure related to its expansion in the European Union.
“Our interest income will always be an important part of our income, but our strategic focus is on growing the fee income line,” Mark Fairless, CEO of ClearBank, told CNBC in an interview last month. “We factor in the declining rates in our planning and so we’re expecting those rates to come down.”
Income diversification
It comes as some fintechs take steps to try to diversify their revenue streams and reduce their reliance on income from card fees and interest.
For example, Revolut offers crypto and share trading on top of its payment and foreign exchange services, and recently announced plans to add mobile plans to its app in the U.K. and Germany.
Naylor said that “those with a more diversified mix of revenue streams or strong monetization of their customer base through non-interest services” are “better positioned to weather changes in the economy, including a lower rates environment.”
Dutch neobank Bunq, which targets mainly “digital nomads” who prefer not to work from one location, isn’t fazed by the prospect of interest rates coming down. Bunq saw a 65% jump in annual profit in 2024.
“We’ve always had a healthy, diverse income,” Ali Niknam, Bunq’s CEO, told CNBC last month. Bunq makes money from subscriptions as well as card-based fees and interest.
He added that things are “different in continental Europe to the U.K.” given the region “had negative interest rates for long” — so, in effect, the firm had to pay for deposits.
“Neobanks with a well-developed and diversified top line are structurally better positioned to manage the transition to a lower-rate environment,” Barun Singh, fintech research analyst at U.K. investment bank Peel Hunt, told CNBC.
“Those that remain heavily reliant on interest earned from customer deposits — without sufficient traction in alternative revenue streams — will face a more meaningful reset in income expectations.”
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