Finance
Study reveals retirement costs without Social Security across states
Ramsey Solutions financial expert George Kamel weighs in on Americans working past retirement age and provides advice for investors.
Retirement remains top of mind for many Americans, whether they are approaching their so-called “golden years” or have many years to go before leaving the workforce.
How much money a person needs to have saved to retire without financial stress is an important consideration in the retirement preparation process, and that can vary depending on various factors, including where someone intends to live and their retirement income sources.
A study released this week by GOBankingRates calculated the amount of money that a “comfortable” retirement would require without income from Social Security factored in and the associated yearly expenses a retiree would face in each U.S. state.
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A retired couple walks arm in arm on the beach. (Annette Riedl/picture alliance via Getty Images / Getty Images)
The analysis comes as Social Security, a common source of retirement income, is looking at potential financing issues with its trust funds in the future. The trustees for Social Security and Medicare recently found that if Social Security’s Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Disability Insurance trust funds were combined, the trust funds would be able to pay 100% of scheduled benefits until 2034, one year earlier than reported last year. After that, the trust funds would be able to pay only 81% of scheduled benefits, meaning Social Security recipients would see a mandatory 19% cut automatically.
For the GOBankingRates study, the benchmark for a “comfortable” retirement was a person holding twice the amount of money as the cost of living expenses.
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Hawaii tops the list of where the most savings would be necessary to retire “comfortably” at 60 years old without Social Security, while West Virginia, nicknamed the Mountain State, required the least, it said.
GOBankingRates found the nest egg that a person would need to accommodate a comfortable retirement at 60 years old sans Social Security in each state.
Alabama ($70,492 cost of living per year): $1,409,839
Huntsville, Alabama, USA park and downtown cityscape at twilight. (iStock / iStock)
Alaska ($110,457 cost of living per year): $2,209,137
Arizona ($100,281 cost of living per year): $2,005,627
Arkansas ($67,502 cost of living per year): $1,350,045
California ($155,117 cost of living per year): $3,102,333
Colorado ($114,744 cost of living per year): $2,294,882
Connecticut ($105,428 cost of living per year): $2,108,563
Delaware ($94,392 cost of living per year): $1,887,834
Florida ($97,119 cost of living per year): $1,942,374
Georgia ($86,005 cost of living per year): $1,720,096
Hawaii ($186,062 cost of living per year): $3,721,237
The entire coastline of Honolulu, including the base of Diamond Head crater and state park, past the hotel-lined Waikiki Beach towards downtown in the distance, including the suburban neighborhoods dotting the hills surrounding the city center. (iStock / iStock)
Idaho ($101,912 cost of living per year): $2,038,236
Illinois ($79,736 cost of living per year): $1,594,716
Indiana ($74,029 cost of living per year): $1,480,575
Iowa ($71,373 cost of living per year): $1,427,463
Kansas ($71,534 cost of living per year): $1,430,672
Kentucky ($71,410 cost of living per year): $1,428,204
Louisiana ($67,482 cost of living per year): $1,349,639
Maine ($98,612 cost of living per year): $1,972,231
Maryland ($101,991 cost of living per year): $2,039,812
Massachusetts ($136,626 cost of living): $2,732,517
Massachusetts came in at number nine among the best states to work remotely. (Joe Sohm/Visions of America/Universal Images Group via Getty Images / Getty Images)
Michigan ($73,780 cost of living per year): $1,475,595
Minnesota ($88,321 cost of living per year): $1,766,414
Mississippi ($65,523 cost of living per year): $1,310,451
Missouri ($73,667 cost of living per year): $1,473,335
Montana ($102,916 cost of living per year): $2,058,322
Nebraska ($76,792 cost of living per year): $1,535,846
Nevada ($103,661 cost of living per year): $2,073,215
New Hampshire ($110,761 cost of living per year): $2,215,216
New Jersey ($118,338 cost of living per year): $2,366,765
New Mexico ($81,627 cost of living per year): $1,632,542
New York ($105,619 cost of living per year): $2,112,384
The Manhattan skyline is seen at sunrise from the 86th floor observatory of the Empire State Building on April 3, 2021 in New York City. ((Photo by ANGELA WEISS/AFP via Getty Images) / Getty Images)
North Carolina ($86,857 cost of living per year): $1,737,146
North Dakota ($78,734 cost of living per year): $1,574,682
Ohio ($73,120 cost of living per year): $1,462,391
Oklahoma ($69,161 cost of living per year): $1,383,214
Oregon ($111,541 cost of living per year): $2,230,814
Pennsylvania ($78,582 cost of living per year): $1,571,642
Rhode Island ($109,811 cost of living per year): $2,196,222
South Carolina ($81,586 cost of living per year): $1,631,721
South Dakota ($81,949 cost of living per year): $1,638,979
Tennessee ($81,474 cost of living per year): $1,629,482
Texas ($81,985 cost of living per year): $1,639,693
Utah ($110,623 cost of living per year): $2,212,458
Vermont ($97,999 cost of living per year): $1,959,971
Virginia ($96,141 cost of living per year): $1,922,813
Washington ($126,952 cost of living per year): $2,539,048
West Virginia ($64,715 cost of living per year): $1,294,300
Wisconsin ($84,485 cost of living per year): $1,689,700
Wyoming ($88,792 cost of living per year): $1,775,841
Welcome to Wyoming highway sign along Interstate 90 north of Sheridan. (Don & Melinda Crawford/Education Images/Universal Images Group via Getty Images / Getty Images)
In early June, a Gallup survey found 50% of non-retired U.S. adults that own a retirement savings account felt they “expect to have enough to live comfortably in retirement.”
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Confidence was lower among those that lacked a retirement savings account, with only 31% reporting they anticipated having sufficient funds for comfortable golden years.
Eric Revell contributed to this report.
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For the generation that should be in its “peak savings years,” the prospect of retiring on time has shifted from a plan to a prayer.
A newly released Employee Financial Wellness Survey by PwC found that nearly 50% of Gen X employees are pushing back their retirement dates, citing stagnant wages, rising everyday costs, and a lack of liquid savings.
Additionally, only 38% of Gen Xers believe they can retire when they originally planned, and more than half of this demographic expect to withdraw funds from their retirement accounts early to cover short-term costs.
“For employers, this isn’t a future problem. Financial anxiety during peak career years can affect focus and engagement,” PwC researchers write. “If the risks are clear, the question is why more employees aren’t taking action. It’s not a lack of desire. Most employees want stability, confidence and to feel in control. But many don’t feel equipped to get there.”
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The primary driver of this retirement delay is the inability to save as inflation eats away at monthly expenses, the report notes. Twenty-five percent of the total workforce is living without a buffer, and nearly half cannot meet basic household expenses.
Nearly half of Gen X workers are delaying retirement, PwC reports. (Getty Images)
“[Forty-nine percent] say their compensation isn’t keeping up with costs. As expenses rise faster than income, day-to-day trade-offs are becoming routine. Employees aren’t just feeling squeezed. They’re making difficult financial decisions to stay afloat,” the PwC report continues..
As a result, when Gen Xers cannot afford to leave their current jobs, the entire corporate ladder stalls, creating business risks, with companies facing higher costs as older talent remains on payroll longer than expected.
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“When employees dip into retirement funds early or delay retirement altogether, it affects more than personal finances and retirement plan leakage,” the report says. “It may also influence workforce planning, healthcare costs, succession timing and overall organizational stability.”
The findings also show that a significant portion – 41% – of the workforce feel they were never given the tools to manage a crisis of this magnitude, leading to a sense of being “overwhelmed” by financial choices.
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PwC provided a call to action for employees and their employers, encouraging them to reduce the stigma around financial education, foster trust through human coaches, emphasize skill building and focus on day-to-day finances before long-term goals.
“Employees define financial wellness simply: less stress, fewer surprises and the freedom to make financial choices with confidence. For employers, that’s the opportunity.”
Cybersecurity and enterprise software stocks have been market dogs in 2026, with fears that AI will wipe out a wide range of companies in the enterprise space dominating the narrative. But they snapped a brutal losing streak this past week, joining in the broader market rally that saw all losses from the U.S.-Iran war regained by the Dow Jones Industrial Average and S&P 500.
Cybersecurity has been “a victim of some of the AI-related headlines,” Christian Magoon, Amplify ETFs CEO, said on this week’s “ETF Edge.”
It wasn’t just niche cybersecurity names. Take Microsoft, for example, which was recently down close to 20% for the year. Its shares surged last week by 13%.
A big driver of the pummeling in software stocks was a rotation within tech by investors to AI infrastructure and semiconductors and some other names in large-cap tech, Magoon said, and since cybersecurity stocks and ETFs are heavily weighted towards software companies, they were left behind even as those businesses continue to grow on a fundamental basis.
But Wall Street now has become more bullish with the stocks at lower levels. Brent Thill, Jefferies tech analyst, said last week that the worst may be over for software stocks. “I think that this concept that software is dead, and then Anthropic and OpenAI are going to kill the entire industry, is just over-exaggerated,” he said on CNBC’s “Money Movers” on Wednesday.
“Big Short” investor Michael Burry wrote in a Substack post on Wednesday that he is becoming bullish about software stocks after the recent selloff. “Software stocks remain interesting because of accelerated extreme declines last week arising from a reflexive positive feedback loop between falling software stocks and changes in the market for their bank debt,” he wrote.
The Global X Cybersecurity ETF (BUG), is down about 12% since the beginning of the year, with top holdings including Palo Alto Networks, Fortinet, Akamai Technologies and CrowdStrike. But BUG was up 12% last week. The First Trust NASDAQ Cybersecurity ETF (CIBR) is down 6% for the year, but up 9% in the past week.
Piper Sandler analyst Rob Owens reiterated an “overweight” rating on Palo Alto Networks which helped the stock pop 7% — it is now down roughly 6% on the year. Its peers saw similar moves, including CrowdStrike.
Performance of Global X cybersecurity ETF versus S&P 500 over past one-year period.
Magoon said expectations may have become too high in cybersecurity, and with a crowding effect among investors, solid results were not enough to to push stocks higher. But the down-and-then-back-up 2026 for the sector is also a reminder that when stocks fall sharply in a short period of time, opportunity may knock.
“Once you’re down over 10% in some of these subsectors, you start to see the contrarians start to say, ‘well, maybe I’ll take a look at this,'” Magoon said.
He said AI does add both opportunity and uncertainty to the cybersecurity equation, increasing demand but also introducing new competition. But he added, “I think the dip is good to buy in an AI-driven world,” specifically because the risks to companies may lead to more M&A in cyber names that benefits the stocks.
For now, investors may look for opportunity on the margins rather than rush back into beaten-up tech names. “I think investors are still going to remain underweight software,” Thill said.
But Magoon advises investors to at least take the reminder to keep an eye on niches in the market during pronounced downturns. “The best-performing are often the least bought and do the best over the next 12 months versus late-in-the-game piling on,” he said.
While that may have been a mindset that worked against the last investors into cybersecurity and enterprise software in mid-2025 when the negative sentiment started building, at least for now, it’s started working for the stocks in the sector again.
Meanwhile, this year’s biggest winner is also a good example of what can be an extended trade in either a bullish or bearish direction. Last year, institutional ownership of energy was at multi-year lows, Magoon said, referencing Bank of America data. “Reverse sentiment can be a great indicator,” he said.
But he cautioned that any selective buying of stocks that have dipped does have to contend with the risk that there is a potentially bigger drawdown in the market yet to come in 2026. That is because midterm election years historically have been marked by large drawdowns. “If you think it is bad right now, it could get a lot worse,” Magoon said. But he added that there’s a silver-lining in that data, too, for the patient investor. The market has posted very strong 12-month returns after midterm election drawdowns end. So, for investors with a longer-term time horizon and no need for short-term liquidity, Magoon said, “stick in there.”
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New innovation in the exchange-traded fund industry could come at a cost to investors during extreme conditions.
According to MFS Investment Management’s Jamie Harrison, ETFs involved in increasingly complex derivatives and less transparent markets may be in uncharted territory when it comes to violent downturns.
“Those would be something that you’d want to keep an eye on as volatility ramps up,” the firm’s head of ETF capital markets told CNBC’s “ETF Edge” this week. “As innovation continues to increase at a rapid pace within the ETF wrapper, [it’s] definitely something that we advise our clients to be really front-footed about… Lack of transparency could absolutely be an issue if we’re going to start seeing some deep sell-offs.”
His firm has been around since 1924 and is known for inventing the open-end mutual fund. Last year, ETF.com named MFS Investment Management as the best new ETF issuer.
“It’s important to do due diligence on the portfolio,” he said. “Having a firm that has deep partnerships, deep bench of subject matter experts that plays with the A-team in terms of the Street and liquidity providers available [are] super important.”
Liquidity as the real issue?
Harrison suggested the real issue is liquidity, particularly during a steep sell-off.
“We’ve all seen the news and the headlines around potential private credit ETFs. That picture becomes much more murky,” he added. “It’s up to advisors, to investors [and] to clients to really dig in and look under the hood and engage with their issuers.”
He noted investors will have to ask some tough questions.
“What does this look like in a 20% drawdown? How does this liquidity facility work? Am I going to be able to get in? Am I going to be able to get out? And if I’m able to get out, am I able to get out at a price that’s tight to NAV [net asset value], and what’s the infrastructure at your shop in terms of managing that consideration for me,” said Harrison.
Amplify ETFs’ Christian Magoon is also concerned about these newer ETF strategies could weather a monster drawdown. He listed private credit as a red flag.
“If your ETF owns private credit, I think it’s worth taking a look at, kind of what the standards are around liquidity and how that ETF is trading, because that should be a bit of a mismatch between the trading pace of ETFs and the underlying asset,” the firm’s CEO said in the same interview.
Magoon also highlighted potential issues surrounding equity-linked notes. The notes provide fixed income security while offering potentially higher returns linked to stocks or equity indexes.
“Those could potentially be in stress due to redemptions and the underlying credit risk. That’s another kind of unique derivative,” Magoon said. “I would very closely look at any ETF that has equity-linked notes should we get into a major drawdown or there be a contagion in private credit or something related to the banking system.”
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