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Tax Court says fund partners must pay self-employment tax

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Registered investment advisory firms that actively manage a private fund as limited partners must pay Uncle Sam for self-employment taxes on their profits, according to a court decision.

The Tax Court ruling last month in Denham Capital Management LP v. Commissioner will face a challenge in the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. In the meantime, the principals of RIAs or other advisory practices that also manage private funds should review the decision to see how it affects any possible taxes on their distribution of profits, according to Brett Cotler, a partner in the Taxation Group of law firm Seward & Kissel. An exclusion had previously shielded limited partners from taxes on their distributed shares in the form of net earnings from self-employment.

“The tax savings were definitely one reason why fund managers would structure their businesses — and wealth managers, too — as an LP structure,” Cotler said in an interview. “If it’s not the final nail in the coffin, we’re pretty close to it. … We’re thinking of a couple ideas that potentially would retain these tax savings for clients, but we’re still thinking through the pros and cons of those.”

READ MORE: James Caan’s IRA transfer penalty upheld in court

At the end of 2023, at least 5,560 RIAs that were registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission managed private funds — or 36% of the total count, according to the annual industry snapshot from the Investment Adviser Association and compliance firm COMPLY. 

Over a third of those firms that manage private funds do so as their exclusive form of business, but many of the rest are retail-focused RIAs that operate their own investment vehicles. Larger RIAs are especially likely to do so: 71% of firms with at least $100 billion in client assets, 67% of those with $5 billion to $100 billion and 54% with $1 billion to $5 billion manage hedge funds, private equity vehicles or investments focused on areas such as venture capital, real estate or other securitized assets. Some smaller RIAs operate specialized “exempt-reporting” vehicles that don’t need to register as private funds, the snapshot noted. 

RIAs had been bracing for a series of private fund reforms under an SEC rule adopted in 2023, but a court decision last year vacated the regulation entirely after industry pushback.   

“Over the past 10 years, the number of advisors offering private funds, the number of private funds and the assets in private funds have grown consistently,” last year’s snapshot said.

In the Tax Court case, a limited liability corporation that was the general partner and five limited partners who were owners of the investment manager received guaranteed payments and other distributions out of the profits generated by the fees from the private funds. The judge applied a test known as a “functional analysis” to decide whether the exclusion for limited partners from self-employment taxes applied to the distribution. In essence, the determination revolves around the question of whether the limited partners more closely resemble passive investors or employees, according to an analysis of the decision by Seward & Kissel.

READ MORE: Tax Court ruling on ‘Masters’ or ‘Augusta’ rule offers cautionary tale

The limited partners got “reasonable compensation” as part of a base salary separate from the profit payments that was far lower than the pay of other employees of the fund company, the judge ruled.

“The Tax Court found that each of the limited partners were actively involved in the activities conducted by the investment manager, were held out as active partners in audited financial statements and prospectuses, devoted substantially all of their working time to the investment manager and actively directed and strategically guided the investment manager,” according to the law firm’s analysis of the decision.

“This opinion is the second Tax Court decision holding that a limited partner under state law who is actively involved in an investment manager’s business activities is subject to self-employment tax, notwithstanding the statutory language of the limited partner exception,” the analysis continued. “It has been publicly reported that one taxpayer is appealing the holding of an earlier Tax Court case on this issue to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. The decision by the Fifth Circuit will provide more clarity on the ultimate application of the self-employment tax to limited partners. Management companies that are structured as limited partnerships should consider the application of these recent Tax Court decisions for the current and future taxable years.”

READ MORE: Appeals court sides with foreign investor over IRS and Tax Court decision

The exemption from self-employment taxes usually works out to savings of about 4% off the total hit — a number that sounds small but gets much bigger “when you multiply it out” over millions of dollars in annual profit over several years, Cotler noted. RIA owners who manage private funds should speak to their certified public accountant or another tax professional to assess the potential impact of the ruling on their 2024 taxes and moving forward, he said.

“The tax effectively puts the owner in more or less the same position as the employee who’s subject to W-2 wage withholding,” Cotler said. “I do anticipate there will be some reactions within the industry in terms of ways to restructure.”

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XcelLabs launches to help accountants use AI

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Jody Padar, an author and speaker known as “The Radical CPA,” and Katie Tolin, a growth strategist for CPAs, together launched a training and technology platform called XcelLabs.

XcelLabs provides solutions to help accountants use artificial technology fluently and strategically. The Pennsylvania Institute of CPAs and CPA Crossings joined with Padar and Tolin as strategic partners and investors.

“To reinvent the profession, we must start by training the professional who can then transform their firms,” Padar said in a statement. “By equipping people with data and insights that help them see things differently, they can provide better advice to their clients and firm.”

Padar-Jody- new 2019

Jody Padar

The platform includes XcelLabs Academy, a series of educational online courses on the basics of AI, being a better advisor, leadership and practice management; Navi, a proprietary tool that uses AI to help accountants turn unstructured data like emails, phone calls and meetings into insights; and training and consulting services. These offerings are currently in beta testing.

“Accountants know they need to be more advisory, but not everyone can figure out how to do it,” Tolin said in a statement. “Couple that with the fact that AI will be doing a lot of the lower-level work accountants do today, and we need to create that next level advisor now. By showing accountants how to unlock patterns in their actions and turn client conversations into emotionally intelligent advice, we can create the accounting professional of the future.”

Tolin-Katie-CPA Growth Guides

Katie Tolin

“AI is transforming how CPAs work, and XcelLabs is focused on helping the profession evolve with it,” PICPA CEO Jennifer Cryder said in a statement. “At PICPA, we’re proud to support a mission that aligns so closely with ours: empowering firms to use AI not just for efficiency, but to drive growth, value and long-term relevance.”

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Accounting is changing, and the world can’t wait until 2026

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The accountant the world urgently needs has evolved far beyond the traditional role we recognized just a few years ago. 

The transformation of the accounting profession is not merely an anticipated change; it is a pressing reality that is currently shaping business decisions, academic programs and the expected contributions of professionals. Yet, in many areas, accounting education stubbornly clings to outdated, overly technical models that fail to connect with the actual demands of the market. We must confront a critical question: If we continue to train accountants solely to file tax reports, are we truly equipping them for the challenges of today’s world? 

This shift in mindset extends beyond individual countries or educational systems; it is a global movement. The recent announcement of the CIMA/CGMA 2026 syllabus has made it unmistakably clear: merely knowing how to post journal entries is insufficient. Today’s accountants are required to interpret the landscape, anticipate risks and act with strategic awareness. Critical thinking, sustainable finance, technology and human behavior are not just supplementary topics; they are essential components in the education of any professional seeking to remain relevant. 

The CIMA/CGMA proposal for 2026 is not just a curriculum update; it is a powerful manifesto. This new program positions analytical thinking, strategic business partnering and technology application at the core of accounting education. It unequivocally highlights sustainability, aligning with IFRS S1 and S2, and expands the accountant’s responsibilities beyond mere numbers to encompass conscious leadership, environmental impact and corporate governance. 

The current changes in the accounting profession underscore an urgent shift in expectations from both educators and employers. Today, companies of all sizes and industries demand accountants who can do far more than interpret balance sheets. They expect professionals who grasp the deeper context behind the numbers, identify inconsistencies, anticipate potential issues before they escalate into losses, and act decisively as a bridge between data and decision making. 

To meet these expectations, a radical mindset shift is essential. There are firms still operating on autopilot, mindlessly repeating tasks with minimal critical analysis. Likewise, many academic programs continue to treat accounting as purely a technical discipline, disregarding the vital elements of reflection, strategy and behavioral insight. This outdated approach creates a significant mismatch. While the world forges ahead, parts of the accounting profession remain stuck in the past. 

The consequences of this shift are already becoming evident. The demand for compliance, transparency and sustainability now applies not only to large corporations but also to small and mid-sized businesses. Many of these organizations rely on professionals ill-equipped to drive the necessary changes, putting both business performance and the reputation of the profession at risk. 

The positive news is that accountants who are ready to thrive in this new era do not necessarily need additional degrees. What they truly need is a commitment to awareness, a dedication to continuous learning, and the courage to step beyond their comfort zones. The future of accounting is here, and it is firmly rooted in analytical, strategic and human-oriented perspectives. The 2026 curriculum is a clear indication of the changes underway. Those who fail to think critically and holistically will be left behind. 

In contrast, accountants who see the big picture, understand the ripple effects of their decisions, and actively contribute to the financial and ethical health of organizations will undeniably remain indispensable, anywhere in the world.

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Republicans push Musk aside as Trump tax bill barrels forward

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Congressional Republicans are siding with Donald Trump in the messy divorce between the president and Elon Musk, an optimistic sign for eventual passage of a tax cut bill at the root of the two billionaires’ public feud.

Lawmakers are largely taking their cues from Trump and sticking by the $3 trillion bill at the center of the White House’s economic agenda. Musk, the biggest political donor of the 2024 cycle, has threatened to help primary anyone who votes for the legislation, but lawmakers are betting that staying in the president’s good graces is the safer path to political survival.

“The tax bill is not in jeopardy. We are going to deliver on that,” House Speaker Mike Johnson told reporters on Friday.

“I’ll tell you what — do not doubt, don’t second guess and do not challenge the President of the United States Donald Trump,” he added. “He is the leader of the party. He’s the most consequential political figure of our time.”

A fight between Trump and Musk exploded into public view this week. The sparring started with the tech titan calling the president’s tax bill a “disgusting abomination,” but quickly escalated to more personal attacks and Trump threatening to cancel all federal contracts and subsidies to Musk’s companies, such as Tesla Inc. and SpaceX which have benefitted from government ties.

Republicans on Capitol Hill, who had —  until recently — publicly embraced Musk, said they weren’t swayed by the billionaire’s criticism that the bill cost too much. Lawmakers have refuted official estimates of the package, saying that the tax cuts for households, small businesses and politically important groups — including hospitality and hourly workers — will generate enough economic growth to offset the price tag.

“I don’t tell my friend Elon, I don’t argue with him about how to build rockets, and I wish he wouldn’t argue with me about how to craft legislation and pass it,” Johnson told CNBC earlier Friday.

House Budget Committee Chair Jodey Arrington told reporters that House lawmakers are focused on working with the Senate as it revises the bill to make sure the legislation has the political support in both chambers to make it to Trump’s desk for his signature. 

“We move past the drama and we get the substance of what is needed to make the modest improvements that can be made,” he said.

House fiscal hawks said that they hadn’t changed their prior positions on the legislation based on Musk’s statements. They also said they agree with GOP leaders that there will be other chances to make further spending cuts outside the tax bill. 

Representative Tom McClintock, a fiscal conservative, said “the bill will pass because it has to pass,” adding that both Musk and Trump needed to calm down. “They both need to take a nap,” he said.

Even some of the House bill’s most vociferous critics appeared resigned to its passage. Kentucky Representative Thomas Massie, who voted against the House version, predicted that despite Musk’s objections, the Senate will make only small changes.

“The speaker is right about one thing. This barely passed the House. If they muck with it too much in the Senate, it may not pass the House again,” he said.

Trump is pressuring lawmakers to move at breakneck speed to pass the tax-cut bill, demanding they vote on the bill before the July 4 holiday. The president has been quick to blast critics of the bill — including calling Senator Rand Paul “crazy” for objecting to the inclusion of a debt ceiling increase in the package.

As the legislation worked its way through the House last month, Trump took to social media to criticize holdouts and invited undecided members to the White House to compel them to support the package. It passed by one vote.

Senate Majority Leader John Thune — who is planning to unveil his chamber’s version of the bill as soon as next week — said his timeline is unmoved by Musk. 

“We are already pretty far down the trail,” he said.

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