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10 states with the most and least competitive taxes in 2025

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Not all state tax regimes are equal, with some states not collecting all of the major taxes, such as corporate income tax, individual income tax or sales tax. 

The Tax Foundation measured the states with most and least competitive taxes in 2025, by analyzing factors including corporate tax rank, individual income tax rank, sales tax rank, property tax rank and unemployment insurance tax rank to determine an overall score. 

Wyoming is the state with the most competitive taxes, as it has no corporate or individual income tax. New York is the state with the least competitive taxes, having complex, nonneutral taxes with comparatively high rates.

Read more about the states with the most and least competitive taxes in 2025.

Most competitive taxes

State

Overall

rank

Corporate

tax rank

Individual

income

tax rank

Sales tax

rank

Property

tax rank

Unemployment

tax rank

Indiana

10

8

16

17

5

13

North Dakota

9

7

17

15

4

12

Tennessee

8

48

1

47

33

17

Texas

7

46

1

36

40

30

New Hampshire

6

32

12

1

39

27

Montana

5

19

10

3

18

21

Florida

4

16

1

14

21

10

Alaska

3

34

1

5

30

45

South Dakota

2

1

1

31

10

22

Wyoming

1

1

1

7

44

31

Least competitive taxes

State

Overall rank

Corporate tax rank

Individual income tax rank

Sales tax rank

Property tax rank

Unemployment tax rank

Hawaii

42

25

46

28

24

49

Vermont

43

36

43

29

49

8

Minnesota

44

43

44

34

26

42

Washington

45

47

15

50

25

44

Maryland

46

37

45

39

35

20

Connecticut

47

31

47

21

50

40

District of Columbia

48

32

47

41

48

25

California

48

41

49

46

23

25

New Jersey

49

44

48

35

43

50

New York

50

28

50

42

47

37

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Accounting

In the blogs: Judge for yourself

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Refunds without taxes; bouncing BOI; never too late for an Employee Retention Credit; and other highlights from our favorite tax bloggers.

Judge for yourself

  • TaxProf Blog (http://taxprof.typepad.com/taxprof_blog/): How income taxation can, and should, be used to regulate judicial misconduct when conduct rules fail.
  • Tax Foundation (https://taxfoundation.org/blog): The German economy has been contracting for two years, with corporate investments trailing those of other European countries. Business confidence remains low, economic outlooks pessimistic. Will the recent election produce tax policy for economic growth?
  • Taxing Subjects (https://www.drakesoftware.com/blog): The IRS has joined the Coalition Against Scam and Scheme Threats with safeguards this season to help you protect clients.
  • Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy (https://itep.org/category/blog/): A new report finds that states could raise $19 billion a year with one policy change targeting corporate tax avoidance: worldwide combined reporting.
  • Taxable Talk (http://www.taxabletalk.com/): To Err Is Golden Dept.: California says it issued incorrect 1099-Gs.
  • Tax Notes (https://www.taxnotes.com/procedurally-taxing): How a section of the TAS Act allows taxpayers who are on an installment agreement or in a CNC status to bring a refund suit even if they haven’t yet fully paid the taxes.
  • Don’t Mess with Taxes (http://dontmesswithtaxes.typepad.com/): Could the federal estate tax wind up halved rather than eliminated?
  • Tax Vox (https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxvox): DOGE might assume that those new IRS employees are expendable. Why they’re not.

Report cards

  • Eide Bailly (https://www.eidebailly.com/taxblog): How and why Corporate Transparency Act filing rules are back on.
  • U of I Tax School (https://taxschool.illinois.edu/blog/): Note too that the House has unanimously passed a bill to extend the deadline for pre-2024 reporting companies to 2026.
  • MBK (https://www.mbkcpa.com/insights): So now the deadline is March 21. Unless it isn’t.
  • The Tax Times (https://www.thetaxtimes.com): Though, “in keeping with Treasury’s commitment to reducing regulatory burden on businesses, during this 30-day period FinCEN will assess its options to further modify deadlines, while prioritizing reporting for those entities that pose the most significant national security risks.” 

To the swift

  • Armanino (https://www.armanino.com/articles/): Taylor Swift’s Eras Tour didn’t just shatter records for attendance and ticket sales; it showcased the unique tax challenges entertainers and athletes face when working across multiple states and countries. A look at how such folk can maximize tax credits and incentives.
  • CLA (https://www.claconnect.com/en/resources?pageNum=0): What to remind them about time remaining to claim the ERC via amended returns.
  • TaxProCenter (https://accountants.intuit.com/taxprocenter/): You may not know where they keep coming from but they sure keep coming: unprepared clients and four ways to deal with them.
  • AICPA & CIMA (https://www.aicpa-cima.com/blog): With an eye to the pipeline, why accounting should go out of its way to provide high schoolers with real-world experiences and insights about the profession.
  • Turbotax (https://blog.turbotax.intuit.com): What to remind them about LLC taxes.
  • Current Federal Tax Developments (https://www.currentfederaltaxdevelopments.com/): A look at IRS guidance on issuing health insurance coverage statements to individuals under provisions of the Paperwork Burden Reduction Act.
  • The National Association of Tax Professionals (https://blog.natptax.com/): This “You Make the Call” looks at Sandra, a partner in an LLC and who received a K-1 with $45,000 in Box 19, Code C. The instructions for this current distribution indicate that this is the partnership’s adjusted basis of property immediately before it was distributed to Sandra. Besides the adjusted basis, what does her tax preparer need to know to complete the new Form 7217, “Partner’s Report of Property Distributed by a Partnership,” to be filed with her 1040?
  • Massey and Company (https://masseyandcompanycpa.com/blog/): Software as a Service is tricky for all kinds of taxes given its recurring revenue and service obligations. Best practices and key concepts to navigate SaaS accounting. 
  • Parametric (https://www.parametricportfolio.com/blog): How bond ladders can unlock direct indexing opportunities, including the tax advantages, in fixed income.
  • Vertex (https://www.vertexinc.com/resources/resource-library/filter/field_asset_type/blog?page=0): Key points of transfer pricing and its being an essential aspect of global commerce that directly impacts multinational profitability and tax obligations. 
  • National Taxpayer Advocate (https://www.taxpayeradvocate.irs.gov/taxnews-information/blogs-nta): What to remind them about disaster-related tax relief, including deductibility of relief payments and casualty loss deductions.
  • Virginia – U.S. Tax Talk (https://us-tax.org/about-this-us-tax-blog/): For U.S. persons, purchasing or owning real estate property overseas comes with significant tax and reporting obligations. Nine points U.S. taxpayers should consider.

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Accounting

IRS COO Melanie Krause named acting commissioner

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Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent named Internal Revenue Service chief operating officer Melanie Krause as acting commissioner after the retirement of acting commissioner Douglas O’Donnell.

O’Donnell has been acting commissioner since January, taking over from former IRS commissioner Danny Werfel, who announced he would be resigning on Inauguration Day after President Trump named Billy Long, a former congressman from Missouri, as the next commissioner, even though Werfel’s term wasn’t scheduled to end until November 2027. O’Donnell had been deputy commissioner at the IRS at the time, and was previously acting commissioner from November 2022 to March 2023 during the transition between former IRS Commissioner Chuck Rettig and Werfel. 

“The IRS has been my professional home for 38 years,” O’Donnell said in a statement Tuesday. “I care deeply about the institution and its people and am confident that Melanie will be an outstanding steward of the Service until a new Commissioner is confirmed.” 

The IRS has been going through a period of turmoil, with an estimated 6,700 IRS employees laid off last week in the middle of tax season. A group of former IRS commissioners is warning about the impact, including delayed refunds and longer telephone response times. 

Senate confirmation hearings have not yet been scheduled for Long, but he is expected to be questioned about his record of promoting the fraud-plagued Employee Retention Tax Credit after leaving Congress, as well as his sponsorship of a bill to eliminate the IRS while he was in Congress.

Until Long is confirmed, IRS COO Krause will now move into O’Donnell’s deputy commissioner role and serve as acting commissioner of the nation’s tax agency. 

“On behalf of the Treasury Department, I want to thank Doug O’Donnell for his decades of public service and dedication to the nation’s taxpayers,” Bessent said in a statement Tuesday. “He has been a remarkable public servant, and I wish him the best in retirement. At the same time, Melanie Krause and the agency’s leadership team are well positioned to serve during this critical period for the nation in advance of the April tax deadline.” 

Krause has served as IRS COO since April 2024 after acting as deputy commissioner of operations support since January of the same year. As COO, she oversees the operations including the Chief Financial Officer; Chief Risk Office; Facilities Management and Security Services; Human Capital Office; Office of Chief Procurement; Privacy, Governmental Liaison and Disclosure; Research, Applied Analytics and Statistics. 

She began her career at the IRS in October 2021 as chief data and analytics officer. In this role, in addition to leading the RAAS team, Krause also coordinated research activities including using AI and other advanced analytics. Krause also served as acting deputy commissioner for services and enforcement from November 2022 to March 2023. 

Prior to joining the IRS, Krause spent 12 years in the federal oversight community, including the Government Accountability Office and the Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Inspector General. Krause also maintains an active license as a registered nurse. She holds bachelor, master and doctoral degrees from the University of Wisconsin-Madison.  

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Accounting

PICPA offers guide to recruiting and compensation

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The Pennsylvania Institute of CPAs released a report Tuesday analyzing how firms can attract and retain talent amid the accountant shortage.

The report analyzes how accounting firms in Pennsylvania are structuring compensation, navigating retention and recruitment challenges, and adapting their benefits to remain competitive.

Cryder-Jennifer-PICPA-2024.jpg
Jennifer Cryder

Jennifer Cryder

“Our latest findings make it clear: salary alone isn’t enough to attract and retain top talent in today’s market and firms need to be thinking differently about what matters,” said PICPA CEO Jennifer Cryder in a statement. “Holistic compensation strategies that include competitive benefits, flexible work arrangements, and clear career development pathways are critical in today’s world. Above all, we intend for this report to provide firm leaders with the insights they need to build a sustainable workforce for the future.”

The report found the firms surveyed by PICPA are experiencing inconsistencies in their ability to retain talent, with 48.3% reporting an increase in staff retention, while 24.1% of the respondents saw a decrease and 27.6% said retention remained stable. Firms reported an average salary increase of 8% in June 2024, up from 5% in July 2023, indicating slow but consistent average salary growth.

Offering comprehensive benefits remains a priority, with 88.5% of the firms surveyed providing medical insurance, 80.8% offering dental coverage, and 73.1% including vision insurance for employees.

Efforts to attract talent are changing, with 58.7% of the firms that responded to the survey increasing their hiring activity over the past year, while 37.9% maintained steady recruitment levels.

Many firms are responding to employee expectations for work-life balance, with 80% of the surveyed firms allowing flex hours outside of core hours and 76.9% offering flexible work options year-round.

With over half (54.2%) of the surveyed firms identifying hiring and talent retention as a top priority in 2025, the report stresses the need for firms to move beyond traditional compensation models. The report found a shift toward total rewards strategies — integrating salary, benefits, professional development and work-life balance — is essential to attracting and retaining top talent in an increasingly competitive market.

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