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Gatekeeper of the accounting industry: Why the 150-hour CPA requirement must evolve

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Becoming a Certified Public Accountant is no small feat. The CPA exam is one of the most demanding professional exams in the U.S., with a notoriously low passing rate. Adding to the challenge is the 150-hour education requirement, equivalent to a five-year degree program. When it was introduced in 1983, the additional education made sense. Interest in accounting was booming, and the educational requirement ensured that only the most qualified were entering the field. But does this requirement still hold up today?

A system rooted in the past

This decades-old rule was first introduced in Florida to raise the standards and credibility of the profession, and the other 49 states followed suit over time. Today, the extra year of education — with its significant time commitment and cost — is turning potential CPAs away, especially when they can pursue alternative careers with just a four-year degree. The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that we’ll need around 126,500 new accountants and auditors every year for the next decade to keep pace with the growing number of businesses and maintain the economy’s health, but the U.S. currently produces about 65,305 accounting graduates annually. 

Additionally, researchers from MIT Sloan found that adding a fifth year of education has yet to improve the quality of CPAs. The accounting profession shares a similar sentiment. In fact, according to Intuit QuickBooks’ 2024 Accountant Tech survey, nearly all (98%) accountants agree that alternative pathways to CPA licensure can prepare upcoming accountants as effectively as or more effectively than the traditional 150-hour pathway. Instead, the 150-hour requirement has led to a significant 26% drop in minority entrants into the profession. In essence, we’re just making it harder for talented people to enter the field, which doesn’t promote diversity or benefit the industry.

As fresh talent struggles to break into the industry, seasoned CPA-certified accountants are exiting just as noticeably. According to the International Federation of Accountants, over 300,000 U.S. accountants and auditors left their jobs between 2020 and 2022, leading to a 17% decline in registered CPAs. As college enrollment in accounting programs declines and firms continue to face severe staffing shortages, what once raised the bar in the industry has become a stumbling block. 

Rethinking the CPA path

It’s time to reevaluate the 150-hour rule and consider whether an additional year of education is necessary to become a CPA. Instead, the industry should consider substituting practical work experience. This approach could combine four years of college education with two years of relevant, hands-on accounting experience. Another consideration: allow anyone with a bachelor’s degree to take the CPA exam, regardless of their field of study. If they can pass one of the most challenging professional exams in the country, their major should not be a barrier to entry. 

To further streamline the profession and adapt to modern work practices, we should advocate for automatic mobility of CPA licenses across all states. Just as a driver’s license issued in one state allows you to drive anywhere in the country, a CPA license should grant the ability to practice in any state without additional hurdles.

These alternatives could open the door to a broader range of candidates, including those who cannot afford five years of college or come from different educational backgrounds.

Adapting to modern times

Finally, we must embrace innovation and advancements in technology. As education evolves, so should our approach to CPA licensing. For example, we have coding bootcamps that turn people into software developers in months, so why not have the same for accounting? These fast-track programs could provide focused, practical training and allow people to enter the accounting profession more quickly and conveniently without sacrificing the necessary skills and curriculum needed for success. 

We’re already seeing similar programs in action, like Intuit Quickbooks’ ProAdvisor program, which offers beginner to advanced training programs that help individuals earn Continuing Professional Education credits. By adopting and expanding a similar training model for CPA certification, we can uphold high standards and make the path to becoming a CPA more accessible and adaptable for those interested in the profession.

While the creation of the 150-hour CPA requirement was well-intentioned, the needs of the accounting industry have evolved. With so many businesses relying on CPAs to manage their finances, it’s time to rethink this requirement to attract and retain the talent needed to drive the economy forward.

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Accounting

XcelLabs launches to help accountants use AI

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Jody Padar, an author and speaker known as “The Radical CPA,” and Katie Tolin, a growth strategist for CPAs, together launched a training and technology platform called XcelLabs.

XcelLabs provides solutions to help accountants use artificial technology fluently and strategically. The Pennsylvania Institute of CPAs and CPA Crossings joined with Padar and Tolin as strategic partners and investors.

“To reinvent the profession, we must start by training the professional who can then transform their firms,” Padar said in a statement. “By equipping people with data and insights that help them see things differently, they can provide better advice to their clients and firm.”

Padar-Jody- new 2019

Jody Padar

The platform includes XcelLabs Academy, a series of educational online courses on the basics of AI, being a better advisor, leadership and practice management; Navi, a proprietary tool that uses AI to help accountants turn unstructured data like emails, phone calls and meetings into insights; and training and consulting services. These offerings are currently in beta testing.

“Accountants know they need to be more advisory, but not everyone can figure out how to do it,” Tolin said in a statement. “Couple that with the fact that AI will be doing a lot of the lower-level work accountants do today, and we need to create that next level advisor now. By showing accountants how to unlock patterns in their actions and turn client conversations into emotionally intelligent advice, we can create the accounting professional of the future.”

Tolin-Katie-CPA Growth Guides

Katie Tolin

“AI is transforming how CPAs work, and XcelLabs is focused on helping the profession evolve with it,” PICPA CEO Jennifer Cryder said in a statement. “At PICPA, we’re proud to support a mission that aligns so closely with ours: empowering firms to use AI not just for efficiency, but to drive growth, value and long-term relevance.”

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Accounting is changing, and the world can’t wait until 2026

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The accountant the world urgently needs has evolved far beyond the traditional role we recognized just a few years ago. 

The transformation of the accounting profession is not merely an anticipated change; it is a pressing reality that is currently shaping business decisions, academic programs and the expected contributions of professionals. Yet, in many areas, accounting education stubbornly clings to outdated, overly technical models that fail to connect with the actual demands of the market. We must confront a critical question: If we continue to train accountants solely to file tax reports, are we truly equipping them for the challenges of today’s world? 

This shift in mindset extends beyond individual countries or educational systems; it is a global movement. The recent announcement of the CIMA/CGMA 2026 syllabus has made it unmistakably clear: merely knowing how to post journal entries is insufficient. Today’s accountants are required to interpret the landscape, anticipate risks and act with strategic awareness. Critical thinking, sustainable finance, technology and human behavior are not just supplementary topics; they are essential components in the education of any professional seeking to remain relevant. 

The CIMA/CGMA proposal for 2026 is not just a curriculum update; it is a powerful manifesto. This new program positions analytical thinking, strategic business partnering and technology application at the core of accounting education. It unequivocally highlights sustainability, aligning with IFRS S1 and S2, and expands the accountant’s responsibilities beyond mere numbers to encompass conscious leadership, environmental impact and corporate governance. 

The current changes in the accounting profession underscore an urgent shift in expectations from both educators and employers. Today, companies of all sizes and industries demand accountants who can do far more than interpret balance sheets. They expect professionals who grasp the deeper context behind the numbers, identify inconsistencies, anticipate potential issues before they escalate into losses, and act decisively as a bridge between data and decision making. 

To meet these expectations, a radical mindset shift is essential. There are firms still operating on autopilot, mindlessly repeating tasks with minimal critical analysis. Likewise, many academic programs continue to treat accounting as purely a technical discipline, disregarding the vital elements of reflection, strategy and behavioral insight. This outdated approach creates a significant mismatch. While the world forges ahead, parts of the accounting profession remain stuck in the past. 

The consequences of this shift are already becoming evident. The demand for compliance, transparency and sustainability now applies not only to large corporations but also to small and mid-sized businesses. Many of these organizations rely on professionals ill-equipped to drive the necessary changes, putting both business performance and the reputation of the profession at risk. 

The positive news is that accountants who are ready to thrive in this new era do not necessarily need additional degrees. What they truly need is a commitment to awareness, a dedication to continuous learning, and the courage to step beyond their comfort zones. The future of accounting is here, and it is firmly rooted in analytical, strategic and human-oriented perspectives. The 2026 curriculum is a clear indication of the changes underway. Those who fail to think critically and holistically will be left behind. 

In contrast, accountants who see the big picture, understand the ripple effects of their decisions, and actively contribute to the financial and ethical health of organizations will undeniably remain indispensable, anywhere in the world.

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Republicans push Musk aside as Trump tax bill barrels forward

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Congressional Republicans are siding with Donald Trump in the messy divorce between the president and Elon Musk, an optimistic sign for eventual passage of a tax cut bill at the root of the two billionaires’ public feud.

Lawmakers are largely taking their cues from Trump and sticking by the $3 trillion bill at the center of the White House’s economic agenda. Musk, the biggest political donor of the 2024 cycle, has threatened to help primary anyone who votes for the legislation, but lawmakers are betting that staying in the president’s good graces is the safer path to political survival.

“The tax bill is not in jeopardy. We are going to deliver on that,” House Speaker Mike Johnson told reporters on Friday.

“I’ll tell you what — do not doubt, don’t second guess and do not challenge the President of the United States Donald Trump,” he added. “He is the leader of the party. He’s the most consequential political figure of our time.”

A fight between Trump and Musk exploded into public view this week. The sparring started with the tech titan calling the president’s tax bill a “disgusting abomination,” but quickly escalated to more personal attacks and Trump threatening to cancel all federal contracts and subsidies to Musk’s companies, such as Tesla Inc. and SpaceX which have benefitted from government ties.

Republicans on Capitol Hill, who had —  until recently — publicly embraced Musk, said they weren’t swayed by the billionaire’s criticism that the bill cost too much. Lawmakers have refuted official estimates of the package, saying that the tax cuts for households, small businesses and politically important groups — including hospitality and hourly workers — will generate enough economic growth to offset the price tag.

“I don’t tell my friend Elon, I don’t argue with him about how to build rockets, and I wish he wouldn’t argue with me about how to craft legislation and pass it,” Johnson told CNBC earlier Friday.

House Budget Committee Chair Jodey Arrington told reporters that House lawmakers are focused on working with the Senate as it revises the bill to make sure the legislation has the political support in both chambers to make it to Trump’s desk for his signature. 

“We move past the drama and we get the substance of what is needed to make the modest improvements that can be made,” he said.

House fiscal hawks said that they hadn’t changed their prior positions on the legislation based on Musk’s statements. They also said they agree with GOP leaders that there will be other chances to make further spending cuts outside the tax bill. 

Representative Tom McClintock, a fiscal conservative, said “the bill will pass because it has to pass,” adding that both Musk and Trump needed to calm down. “They both need to take a nap,” he said.

Even some of the House bill’s most vociferous critics appeared resigned to its passage. Kentucky Representative Thomas Massie, who voted against the House version, predicted that despite Musk’s objections, the Senate will make only small changes.

“The speaker is right about one thing. This barely passed the House. If they muck with it too much in the Senate, it may not pass the House again,” he said.

Trump is pressuring lawmakers to move at breakneck speed to pass the tax-cut bill, demanding they vote on the bill before the July 4 holiday. The president has been quick to blast critics of the bill — including calling Senator Rand Paul “crazy” for objecting to the inclusion of a debt ceiling increase in the package.

As the legislation worked its way through the House last month, Trump took to social media to criticize holdouts and invited undecided members to the White House to compel them to support the package. It passed by one vote.

Senate Majority Leader John Thune — who is planning to unveil his chamber’s version of the bill as soon as next week — said his timeline is unmoved by Musk. 

“We are already pretty far down the trail,” he said.

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