Personal Finance
Turning 65? What to know when planning for Medicare, Social Security
A “silver tsunami” — with a record number of Americans expected to turn age 65 — is here.
Americans who reach that milestone age face high-stakes financial decisions.
Two of the most important choices retirees face — which Medicare health insurance coverage option to choose and when to claim Social Security benefits — come with deadlines.
And making a less-than-ideal selection may cost a retiree over their lifetime.
More than 11,200 baby boomers are expected to turn 65 every day from now through 2027, a phase that has been dubbed “peak 65.”
For many reasons, the generation entering this new life phase doesn’t have it easy.
A so-called three-legged stool of retirement planning — employer pensions, personal savings and Social Security — has largely gone by the wayside as many private-sector employees no longer have traditional pensions that may provide income throughout retirement, according to recent research from the Alliance for Lifetime Income.
Meanwhile, about 40% of households will not be able to maintain their pre-retirement standard of living due to insufficient retirement income, according to the Center for Retirement Research at Boston College.
Choosing Medicare coverage comes with trade-offs
Turning 65 ushers in a key milestone — eligibility for Medicare coverage.
Ideally, beneficiaries should sign up for all parts of Medicare the month before that birthday to avoid coverage gaps, according to a recent retirement report by J.P. Morgan Asset Management.
That coverage may come in the form of “original” Medicare — through Parts A and B, for hospital and medical insurance, as well as optional additional coverage through Part D drug coverage or medigap private insurance plans.
Alternatively, retirees may opt for private Medicare Advantage plans that may include prescription drug coverage and possibly also vision, dental and hearing.
Beneficiaries may revisit their coverage each year during open enrollment periods.
“It can be very confusing for people to sort through all of their options and try to figure out what the differences are across plans, but also what options will work for them over the next year and work well over the longer term as well,” said Gretchen Jacobson, vice president of Medicare at the Commonwealth Fund.
Today’s beneficiaries need to brace themselves for rising health-care costs.
A beneficiary who is 65 in 2024 and covered by original Medicare faces $542 in monthly costs on average, according to J.P. Morgan’s research. By 2054, when that beneficiary is 95, that may go up to $1,484 per month, J.P. Morgan said.
That’s based on an annual 6% health care inflation rate, which J.P. Morgan calls a “prudent” assumption.
In comparison, inflation is up 2.8% annually, based on the latest read of the Federal Reserve’s key inflation gauge, the personal consumption expenditures price index.
The monthly outlay for beneficiaries covered by Medicare Advantage is much lower, according to J.P. Morgan’s estimates. Someone turning 65 in 2024 may spend up to $427 per month for Medicare Advantage premiums and out-of-pocket costs. By 2054, when they are 95, that may climb to up to $990.
Based on the numbers, Medicare Advantage may seem like a better deal. But experts say there are trade-offs to consider.
New enrollees who opt for Medicare Advantage may later want to switch to original Medicare. But it may be difficult getting medigap coverage, depending on the state you’re in and your health status, said Sharon Carson, retirement insights strategist at J.P. Morgan Asset Management.
Having original Medicare also gives you more providers to choose from, as all providers who accept Medicare generally take original Medicare, Carson said. Consequently, retirees who split their time between two states tend to opt for original Medicare.
Because Medicare Advantage enrollees have no supplemental coverage, they should set aside more money for surprise out-of-pocket costs, Carson said.
Moreover, while retirees may opt for Medicare Advantage for the additional coverage those plans may provide, many people don’t actually use benefits such as dental, vision, fitness or over-the-counter medication coverage, recent research by the Commonwealth Fund found.
“They should also consider whether they will actually use those benefits, or if perhaps there’s a different plan that offers benefits they’re more likely to use,” Jacobson said.
Claiming Social Security early means taking a 30% cut
Americans who turn age 65 in 2024 have a Social Security full retirement age of 66 and 10 months.
For those who reach that age next year and thereafter, the full retirement age is 67, per changes enacted decades ago that are being gradually phased in.
The full retirement age is the point when retirees stand to receive 100% of the benefits they’ve earned.
But they may claim as early as age 62, though if they do so they will receive reduced benefits.
For those turning 65 now, that amounts to a benefit cut of around 30%. So if their full retirement age benefit is $1,000 a month, they will receive a $700 monthly check for life if they instead decide to claim at age 62.
Beneficiaries who delay even longer — up to age 70 — stand to receive a benefit increase of 8% per year for every year they delay claiming past full retirement age.
“The best financial asset you can have is a higher Social Security annuity,” said Teresa Ghilarducci, a labor economist and retirement security expert.
“It’s inflation indexed and guaranteed for life,” she said.
Yet only about 8% of beneficiaries wait until age 70 to claim, according to Ghilarducci, a professor at The New School for Social Research and author of the book “Work, Retire, Repeat: The Uncertainty of Retirement in the New Economy.”
“Everyone should know that you have a penalty if you collect before 70,” Ghilarducci said.
However, most people do not delay benefits that long simply because they can’t, she said.
They may be forced out of work early and need to dip into Social Security to supplement their income when retirement savings fall short. Or they may be working but have taken a job that pays a lot less and make up for those missing wages with their Social Security checks.
Those who can’t delay their Social Security benefits for years can still increase their lifetime benefit income by delaying for just a few months, Ghilarducci said.
“Do whatever you can to bridge to a higher Social Security benefit amount,” Ghilarducci said.
Annabelle Gordon/Bloomberg via Getty Images
The massive package of tax cuts House Republicans passed in May is expected to increase the U.S. debt by trillions of dollars — a sum that threatens to torpedo the legislation as the Senate starts to consider it this week.
The Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget estimates the bill, as written, would add about $3.1 trillion to the national debt over a decade with interest, to a total $53 trillion. The Penn Wharton Budget Model estimates a higher tally: $3.8 trillion, including interest and economic effects.
Rep. Thomas Massie of Kentucky was one of two Republicans to vote against the House measure, calling it a “debt bomb ticking” and noting that it “dramatically increases deficits in the near term.”
“Congress can do funny math — fantasy math — if it wants,” Massie said on the House floor on May 22. “But bond investors don’t.”
A handful of Republican Senators have also voiced concern about the bill’s potential addition to the U.S. debt load and other aspects of the legislation.
“The math doesn’t really add up,” Sen. Rand Paul, R-Kentucky, said Sunday on CBS.
The legislation comes as interest payments on U.S. debt have surpassed national spending on defense and represent the second-largest outlay behind Social Security. Federal debt as a percentage of gross domestic product, a measure of U.S. economic output, is already at an all-time high.
The notion of rising national debt may seem unimportant for the average person, but it can have a significant impact on household finances, economists said.
“I don’t think most consumers think about it at all,” said Tim Quinlan, senior economist at Wells Fargo Economics. “They think, ‘It doesn’t really impact me.’ But I think the truth is, it absolutely does.”
Consumer loans would be ‘a lot more’ expensive
A much higher U.S. debt burden would likely cause consumers to “pay a lot more” to finance homes, cars and other common purchases, said Mark Zandi, chief economist at Moody’s.
“That’s the key link back to us as consumers, businesspeople and investors: The prospect that all this borrowing, the rising debt load, mean higher interest rates,” he said.
The House legislation cuts taxes for households by about $4 trillion, most of which accrue for the wealthy. The bill offsets some of those tax cuts by slashing spending for safety-net programs like Medicaid and food assistance for lower earners.
Some Republicans and White House officials argue President Trump’s tariff policies would offset a big chunk of the tax cuts.
But economists say tariffs are an unreliable revenue generator — because a future president can undo them, and courts may take them off the books.
How rising debt impacts Treasury yields
U.S. Speaker of the House Mike Johnson (R-Louisiana) speaks to the media after the House narrowly passed a bill forwarding President Donald Trump’s agenda at the U.S. Capitol on May 22, 2025.
Kevin Dietsch | Getty Images News | Getty Images
Ultimately, higher interest rates for consumers ties to perceptions of U.S. debt loads and their effect on U.S. Treasury bonds.
Common forms of consumer borrowing like mortgages and auto loans are priced based on yields for U.S. Treasury bonds, particularly the 10-year Treasury.
Yields (i.e., interest rates) for long-term Treasury bonds are largely dictated by market forces. They rise and fall based on supply and demand from investors.
The U.S. relies on Treasury bonds to fund its operations. The government must borrow, since it doesn’t take in enough annual tax revenue to pay its bills, what’s known as an annual “budget deficit.” It pays back Treasury investors with interest.
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If the Republican bill — called the “One Big Beautiful Bill Act” — were to raise the U.S. debt and deficit by trillions of dollars, it would likely spook investors and Treasury demand may fall, economists said.
Investors would likely demand a higher interest rate to compensate for the additional risk that the U.S. government may not pay its debt obligations in a timely way down the road, economists said.
Interest rates priced to the 10-year Treasury “also have to go up because of the higher risk being taken,” said Philip Chao, chief investment officer and certified financial planner at Experiential Wealth based in Cabin John, Maryland.
Moody’s cut the U.S.’ sovereign credit rating in May, citing the increasing burden of the federal budget deficit and signaling a bigger credit risk for investors. Bond yields spiked on the news.
How debt may impact consumer borrowing
Zandi cited a general rule of thumb to illustrate what a higher debt burden could mean for consumers: The 10-year Treasury yield rises about 0.02 percentage points for each 1-point increase in the debt-to-GDP ratio, he said.
For example, if the ratio were to rise from 100% (roughly where it is now) to 130%, the 10-year Treasury yield would increase about 0.6 percentage points, Zandi said. That would push the yield to more than 5% relative to current levels of around 4.5%, he said.
“It’s a big deal,” Zandi said.
A fixed 30-year mortgage would rise from almost 7% to roughly 7.6%, all else equal — likely putting homeownership further “out of reach,” especially for many potential first-time buyers, he said.
The debt-to-GDP ratio would swell from about 101% at the end of 2025 to an estimated 148% through 2034 under the as-written House legislation, said Kent Smetters, an economist and faculty director for the Penn Wharton Budget Model.
Bond investors get hit, too
It’s not just consumer borrowers: Certain investors would also stand to lose, experts said.
When Treasury yields rise, prices fall for current bondholders. Their current Treasury bonds become less valuable, weighing on investment portfolios.
“If the market interest rate has gone up, your bond has depreciated,” Chao said. “Your net worth has gone down.”
The market for long-term Treasury bonds has been more volatile amid investor jitters, leading some experts to recommend shorter-term bonds.
On the flip side, those buying new bonds may be happy because they can earn a higher rate, he said.
‘Pouring gasoline on the fire’
The cost of consumer financing has already roughly doubled in recent years, said Quinlan of Wells Fargo.
The average 10-year Treasury yield was about 2.1% from 2012 to 2022; it has been about 4.1% from 2023 to the present, he said.
Of course, the U.S. debt burden is just one of many things that influence Treasury investors and yields, Quinlan said. For example, Treasury investors sent yields sharply higher as they rushed for the exits after Trump announced a spate of country-specific tariffs in April, as they questioned the safe-haven status of U.S. assets.
“But it’s not going out on too much of a limb to suggest financial markets the last couple years have grown increasingly concerned about debt levels,” Quinlan said.
Absent action, the U.S. debt burden would still rise, economists said. The debt-to-GDP ratio would swell to 138% even if Republicans don’t pass any legislation, Smetters said.
But the House legislation would be “pouring gasoline on the fire,” said Chao.
“It’s adding to the problems we already have,” Chao said. “And this is why the bond market is not happy with it,” he added.
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