The continuing resolution that the Senate narrowly approved last Friday and President Trump signed on Saturday included a $20.2 billion cut in the Internal Revenue Service’s budget, the third such cut since 2023, clawing back over three-fourths of the $80 billion that the IRS was supposed to receive over 10 years from the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. The agency is now planning to pause its technology modernization efforts.

The budget reduction occurred as the Trump administration and the Elon Musk-led U.S. DOGE Service have already begun layoffs at the embattled agency, with between 6,000 and 7,000 employees cut from its ranks. According to CNN, 6,700 probationary employees at the IRS have been laid off, and 4,700 accepted the voluntary buyout offer from the Office of Personnel Management’s “Fork in the Road” memo, also known as the “deferred resignation program.” However, IRS employees who accepted the buyout offer have been told to continue working through May 15, a month after the April 15 tax filing date, unlike other federal employees, and the buyout program closed as of Feb. 12. 

After the resignations of former IRS commissioner Danny Werfel, who stepped down shortly before Trump’s inauguration, and the abrupt retirement of acting commissioner Doug O’Donnell, the new leadership at the IRS has reportedly been making plans for staff reduction of up to 50%. That percentage now seems to have been revised down to a reduction of about 20% of the agency’s workforce by May 15. However, it’s unclear what the final number will be in the staff reductions. In January, the IRS reportedly had over 100,000 employees, according to the Federal News Network.

“I’ve seen numbers of 20%, I’ve seen numbers of 30%, I’ve seen numbers of 50%,” said Tax Guard CEO Hansen Rada. “It’s really difficult to tell what is true, and I don’t think anybody knows, because the proposal has been private, so there is definitely a giant question mark as to how strong the IRS will be going forward.”

Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent disputed the numbers that have been reported in the news during an interview Sunday with Kristin Welker on NBC’s Meet the Press. “I will tell you that there were about 15,000 probationary employees that we could have let go,” he said. “We kept about 7,500, 8,500 because we view them as essential to the mission. And we will know once we get inside. But what I can tell you is that we are doing a big review. We’re not doing anything — right now it’s playoff season for us. April 15 is game day, and even employees who could take voluntary retirement — the rest of the federal workforce, their date was in February —our date for them is in May. So I have three priorities for the IRS — collections, privacy and customer service — and we’ll see what level is needed to prioritize all of those.”

Despite the cuts in the IRS budget and staffing levels, the agency has spent relatively little of the funding it was set to receive under the Inflation Reduction Act before and after it was reduced. According to a report released last week by the Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration, as of Sept. 30, 2024, the IRS has spent approximately $9 billion (16%) of its $57.8 billion in Inflation Reduction Act funding. The biggest expenditure was $3.7 billion for employee compensation. “IRS officials indicated that approximately $2 billion has been used to supplement its annual appropriation because the amount the IRS received was insufficient to cover normal operating expenses,” said TIGTA.

The TIGTA report noted that the Further Consolidated Appropriation Act, 2024, provided annual appropriated funding of approximately $12.3 billion for three out of four IRS primary budget activities for fiscal year 2024. However, Congress provided no appropriated funding for business systems modernization, which normally funds upgrades to IRS information technology systems.  

The IRS originally received $79.4 billion in supplemental funding when President Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act into law in August 2022, and the extra funding was supposed to be used for improving the IRS’s enforcement, taxpayer services and technology efforts. Congress subsequently rescinded approximately $21.6 billion in IRA funding, reducing the available IRA funding to approximately $57.8 billion. In addition to the rescissions, the American Relief Act, 2025, which provides appropriation funding to federal agencies through March 14, 2025, froze another $20.2 billion in IRA enforcement funds. The report said this supplemental funding is available through Sept. 30, 2031, but it was released before the latest cutback from the stopgap funding bill that passed over the weekend, clawing back another $20.2 billion.

Last week, a senior IRS official told reporters that the IRS would be pausing its technology modernization efforts and reevaluating its approach to leverage artificial intelligence, according to Reuters. The IRS is going to be reviewing a number of its recent initiatives during the “strategic pause,” including its Direct File program for free tax preparation, which expanded from 12 states during a pilot program last year to 25 states this tax season. 

The IRS has also been facing questions over the security and privacy over the data in its systems after DOGE employees demanded access to its systems, leading to the ouster of IRS acting chief counsel William Paul, who was replaced by Andrew de Mello. A court granted a preliminary injunction against DOGE getting access to taxpayer data held by the Treasury Department in response to a lawsuit from 19 states, led by New York.

“The preliminary injunction that’s in place in New York v Trump prohibits any access to IRS data systems by people at DOGE or employed by DOGE,” said Anne Gibson, a senior legal analyst at Wolters Kluwer. “For the moment, that seems like it would prevent their access to IRS data systems, and if they were to access it, it would be in violation of the preliminary injunction. That said, this preliminary injunction is on the basis that the training, vetting and credentialing of the DOGE employees who did have access to Treasury data briefly was inadequate and wasn’t done properly. And the government is given an opportunity to file a report with the court explaining how they would give DOGE employees proper training, proper oversight, proper vetting, and if they could do that, the preliminary injection would be reconsidered, and that process has actually already started.”

A key date in that process is today. “The government submitted a report,” said Gibson. “It seemed to be only in relation to only one employee, but the court, on the basis of them following that report, set up a new briefing schedule, the final pieces of which are due on the 17th of March, so an opportunity for the government to file their motion, and for the states to file their opposition motion, and then for replies. That’s all due by March 17, and then we could see further action from the court, so there’s a possibility that that preliminary injunction, if the court is happy with the government’s new process, could be lifted relatively soon.”

A lawsuit has also been filed by a pair of immigrant advocacy organizations over the Department of Homeland Security’s demands for information from taxpayers suspected of being in the U.S. illegally, specifically from holders of Individual Taxpayer Identification Numbers, also known as ITINs. This reportedly led to O’Donnell’s abrupt retirement, as such a demand could violate Section 6103 of the Tax Code, which provides civil and criminal penalties for improper disclosure of taxpayer information.

“In terms of Section 6103, I think that’s a bigger issue,” said Gibson. “The restrictions on both disclosure of tax return information, or even just accessing tax return information that’s not for one of the specified purposes that’s laid out in that section, it’s very stringent, very strict requirements there, and there are criminal and civil penalties for violating that, and it specifically references the strict requirements for giving tax return information to the executive branch and to the President, in particular the agencies under the president. However, if that section were violated, any criminal or civil penalties would need to come after the Attorney General brings a case. That’s a question if that would happen. On the other hand, taxpayers can bring a lawsuit for money damages if their data has been inappropriately accessed.”

For clients with highly appreciated assets aiming to transfer part of their holdings to an heir in a tax-efficient way while giving to a nonprofit, charitable remainder trusts could be a fit.

Charitable remainder trusts (CRTs), charitable remainder annuity trusts (CRATs), charitable remainder unitrusts (CRUTs) or net income charitable remainder unitrusts (NICRUTs) are simply potential pieces of a multifaceted estate plan — but financial advisors, tax professionals and, especially, their clients could be forgiven for getting a bit of a headache when seeing their accompanying acronyms. At the basic level, wealthy families use charitable remainder trusts to get a tax deduction for the donation, avoid capital gains duties and provide income to a beneficiary.

While they are “something that is not going to be applicable to everyone,” charitable remainder trusts may act as “a spoke in the wheel” in an estate plan, according to Eric Swensen, a wealth advisor and the chief planning officer with Walnut Creek, California-based Adero Partners.

READ MORE: 3 client scenarios that highlight tax advantages of donor-advised funds 

Use cases

The end of the so-called stretch strategy for individual retirement account beneficiaries requiring them to accept the income over no more than 10 years added to the appeal of charitable remainder trusts, which could tack on decades because they’re only subject to a “5-50-10” rule. That means the trusts must pay out between 5% to 50% of their assets each year and leave a minimum of 10% to the charity. Along the way, the tax advantages could aid clients in pushing down their taxable income in retirement while bolstering a nonprofit of their choice and providing for the beneficiary.

“You should be looking at your Social Security, IRAs and 401(k) distributions as your main source of income,” he said. “CRTs can be good for a portion of the assets to help support that primary income in retirement. … If you have enough assets for yourself, and you want to be able to help aging parents or other beneficiaries with income, this can be a good option as well.”

To illustrate what charitable remainder annuity trust can do, a working academic paper posted in December by a researcher at the University of the Cumberlands used the example of a fictional couple named Martha and Benny Franklin. With a net worth of $21.55 million, the Franklins used a CRAT as part of their attempt to ease the tax impact from passing down an array of assets that included $1 million in cash, $6 million in securities, business interests valued at $6 million, real estate investments totaling $3 million and personal residences amounting to $3.5 million. At the same time, the family aimed to ensure each of the children would have enough assets to pay for college some day and set up a special needs trust for one of the couples’ grandchildren. 

“Overall, Benny has been proactive in planning his wealth management by using charitable giving,” the study’s author, Trey Jackson, wrote. “He has set up a CRAT and three irrevocable trusts for his sons. The CRAT was funded with hot stock, evidencing Benny’s commitment to philanthropy while achieving some level of income for their lifetimes. However, the currently existing trusts were not set up in a manner designed to maximize the advantages of annual exclusions, nor were they really designed with ultimate tax efficiency.”

READ MORE: 3 types of trusts that could help wealthy clients’ estate plans

Complicating factors

The paper details the many complexities involved with how each type of asset interacts with the others inside the estate’s holdings, and lays out possible methods for addressing them. The difference between a charitable remainder annuity trust and a charitable remainder unitrust comes from the greater flexibility in the latter vehicle, which enables adjustments to the payments to beneficiaries based on shifts in value each year, Swensen noted. The annuity vehicle pays the beneficiary the same set percentage or dollar amount each year. Alternatively, the net income version could give clients and their heirs more wriggle room if they’re currently living in a high-tax state yet plan to migrate to one with lower duties some day.

“You can set it up now, you can get the deduction now, but you can defer the income until later,” Swensen said. “It’s a great highly leveraged gift, especially if you have a big spread in your cost basis there.”

Charitable remainder trusts pose some risks, though, from the ramifications to their payouts based on downturns in stock values or other problems with the underlying assets. The failure of a business tied to a charitable remainder trust for one Swensen’s clients unfortunately led to the vehicle never passing any assets to the philanthropic recipient, he said.

“I inherited a client who had put an investment in a vineyard into a CRT, and that vineyard went under. Lucky for them, they were able to get the deduction up front,” Swensen said. “These things aren’t bulletproof, and don’t always work out in all the ways.”

READ MORE: The most overlooked aspect of estate planning, and how to address it

Tap a lawyer or a CPA

Those caveats explain why only a few out of more than 900 clients working with his firm are using charitable remainder trusts. Regardless of their level of expertise, advisors could still build up their knowledge of the possible uses for the vehicles by picking the brains of certified public accountants or estate lawyers with an eye toward collaboration in the future, Swensen said.

“Once you build that team, it also helps with confidence for talking with clients about them, too,” he said. “So, when it does come up, I can tell that client, ‘Hey not only do I think this is a great solution for you, but I’ve got a team in place that can make this really easy for you.'”

Enjoy complimentary access to top ideas and insights — selected by our editors.

Between multiple waves of layoffs and legislative efforts to pull back more than $20 billion in funding, the gradual declawing of the Internal Revenue Service is well underway.

Representative Tom Cole, R-Oklahoma, introduced a 99-page proposed funding bill earlier this month as a stopgap measure that will keep government operations ongoing and avoid a March 15 shutdown. The budget, which passed on March 14, chiefly increases defense spending by $6 billion and cuts non-defense spending by $13 billion, but also reclaims $20.2 billion in IRS funding provided by the Inflation Reduction Act.

“Conservatives will love this bill because it sets us up to cut taxes and spending in reconciliation, all while effectively freezing spending this year,” President Trump said on Truth Social on March 5 as the bill was being drafted. “Let’s get this bill done.”

Read more: CPA execs feel shakier about economy

Funding worries are only the tip of the iceberg at the IRS. 

Following the 6,000 to 7,000 people let go from the agency in February, reporting from the Associated Press claims that more widespread staff reductions could happen in the near future — affecting roughly half of the IRS’s overall headcount.

The cuts have drawn criticism from former IRS commissioners as well as experts with the the American Institute of CPAs concerned about increased delays and rising instances of fraud. 

Mark Koziel, president and chief executive of the AICPA, said in a March 7 statement that his organization has been in ongoing talks with IRS officials to clarify any news that comes out of the agency and “assess the immediate and long-term implications.”

“The ability of the IRS to maintain service levels for taxpayers and their preparers is critically important to the AICPA,” Koziel said. “IRS services in combination with modernization efforts, which include technology advancements, have been the bedrock of AICPA’s recommendations for many years.”

The deepening presence of Elon Musk’s Department of Government Efficiency has introduced new challenges at the IRS, which include the aforementioned layoffs but also extend to DOGE’s controversial access to taxpayer data. Accountants and legal executives are divided on whether Musk’s entity will be damaging to taxpayers or not.

Read more: Could Musk’s DOGE layoffs hurt the IRS’s fight against fraud?

Below are some of the latest moves out of the IRS impacting the 2025 tax season and what accounting professionals need to know.

New names on list of eligible countries for foreign income exclusion

Ukraine, Iraq, Haiti and Bangladesh are the four new countries added to the list of regions that have had some requirements for foreign earned income exclusions waived for tax year 2024.

The standard eligibility criteria apply to U.S. citizens or resident aliens living and working abroad whose tax home is in a foreign country, and who meet either a bona fide residence test or a physical presence test. Those who meet the requirements can opt to exclude up to $126,500 from their foreign earned income for the 2024 tax year. 

Under Rev. Proc. 2025-17, those who left one of the four aforementioned countries due to war or conflict and are electing to exclude foreign earned income will receive a waiver for the time requirements.

Read more: 4 countries added to waiver list for foreign income exclusion

Tax scams on the rise again: IRS

Be it false emails and texts or third-party firms promising to help create IRS Individual Online Accounts, scammers are out in force in 2025.

Malicious efforts to steal taxpayer data aren’t limited just to direct communication between scammers and victims. The proliferation of so-called tax experts on platforms like TikTok have led to a rise in W2s and other filing documents being submitted incorrectly.

“Scammers are relentless, and they use the guise of tax season to try tricking taxpayers into falling into a variety of traps. … These red flags can lead to everything from identity theft to being misled into claiming tax credits for which they’re not entitled,” IRS communications senior adviser Terry Lemons said in a statement.

Read more: Scammers are ‘relentless’ this season: IRS

W-2, 1095-A added to IRS online accounts

The IRS has added W-2 and 1095-A information returns to its Individual Online Accounts portal for taxpayers covering 2023 and 2024, marking the first documents to be supported.

Both the Form W-2, “Wage and Tax Statement,” and Form 1095-A, “Health Insurance Marketplace Statement” for the last two tax years can be found online in the Records and Status tab for each individual. In the instance of taxpayers filing joint returns, the forms will be found in each individual’s respective Individual Online Account. State and local tax information will not be supported in the IRS’s online portal.

Funding from the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 has provided the IRS with the necessary capital for adding offerings like Business Tax Accounts and Tax Pro Accounts, in recent years.

Read more: IRS adds W-2 and 1095-A docs to online accounts

Jordan Vonderhaar/Photographer: Jordan Vonderhaar/

Diving into Form 6765 for the R&D Credit

Both the Research Tax Credit and its related form for reporting qualified research expenditures have been around for more than 30 years, but new requirements for the filing have some taxpayers stumped.

Experts like Michelle Abel, a principal at Baker Tilly and leader of the Top 10 Firm’s credits and incentives group nationwide, specialize in the research credit. Able told Accounting Today that while the form has asked for the total dollar amount for “your wages, your supplies, your contract research and your cloud computing expenses” in the past, there’s now a greater information lift on the part of the taxpayer.

“The understanding was always that you’re only putting [qualified research expenses] on your Form 6765 that relate to qualified research activities,” Able said. “But the form never had any place to provide detail about what all those activities were.”

Read more: Inside Form 6765 for the R&D Credit

Stefani Reynolds/Photographer: Stefani Reynolds/B

Shutdown or not, in this case not, the IRS is still open for business

A possible government shutdown has been staved off for now, but tax professionals weren’t phased by the stopgap bill’s impact on the operations of the IRS.

IRS acting commissioner Melanie Krause told employees in an email earlier this month that current employees were exempt from any furloughs in the event the budget measure failed to pass “due to existing appropriations.” Part of the bill includes a $20.2 billion clawback of IRS funding made possible by the Inflation Reduction Act.

“There’s certainly a lot of uncertainty and a lot of anxiety about whether the Service is going to have the manpower to provide the kind of customer service that they have in recent years,” Anne Gibson, a senior legal analyst at Wolters Kluwer, told Accounting Today.

Read more: IRS would still operate during a shutdown