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IRS adjusts tax amounts for inflation for 2025

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The Internal Revenue Service issued its annual inflation adjustments Tuesday for tax year 2025, including changes in the standard deduction, marginal rates, tax credits and dozens of other items as a result of inflation.

The tax year 2025 adjustments mainly apply to income tax returns that will be filed starting in tax season 2026. Revenue Procedure 2024-40 includes detailed information on all the adjustments and changes to more than 60 tax provisions that will affect taxpayers when they file their tax returns in 2026. The tax items for tax year 2025 of greatest interest to the most taxpayers include the following dollar amounts:

  • Standard deductions: For single taxpayers and married individuals filing separately for tax year 2025, the standard deduction climbs to $15,000 for 2025, an increase of $400 from 2024. For married couples filing jointly, the standard deduction rises to $30,000, an increase of $800 from tax year 2024. For heads of households, the standard deduction will be $22,500 for tax year 2024, an increase of $600 from the amount for tax year 2024.
  • Marginal rates: For tax year 2025, the top tax rate remains 37% for individual single taxpayers with incomes greater than $626,350 ($751,600 for married couples filing jointly). The other rates are: 
  • 35% for incomes over $250,525 ($501,050 for married couples filing jointly);
  • 32% for incomes over $197,300 ($394,600 for married couples filing jointly);
  • 24% for incomes over $103,350 ($206,700 for married couples filing jointly);
  • 22% for incomes over $48,475 ($96,950 for married couples filing jointly);
  • 12% for incomes over $11,925 ($23,850 for married couples filing jointly); and,
  • 10% for incomes $11,925 or less ($23,850 or less for married couples filing jointly).
  • Alternative minimum tax exemption amounts: For tax year 2025, the exemption amount for unmarried individuals increases to $88,100 ($68,650 for married individuals filing separately) and starts to phase out at $626,350. For married couples filing jointly, the exemption amount rises to $137,000 and starts to phase out at $1,252,700.
  • Earned Income Tax Credits: For qualifying taxpayers who have three or more qualifying children, the tax year 2025 maximum Earned Income Tax Credit amount is $8,046, an increase from $7,830 for tax year 2024. The revenue procedure includes a table providing the maximum EITC amount for other categories, income thresholds and phase-outs.
  • Qualified transportation fringe benefit: For tax year 2025, the monthly limitation for the qualified transportation fringe benefit and the monthly limitation for qualified parking rises to $325, increasing from $315 in tax year 2024.
  • Health flexible spending cafeteria plans: For taxable years starting in 2025, the dollar limitation for employee salary reductions for contributions to health flexible spending arrangements rises to $3,300, growing from $3,200 in tax year 2024. For cafeteria plans that permit the carryover of unused amounts, the maximum carryover amount rises to $660, increasing from $640 in tax year 2024.
  • Medical savings accounts: For tax year 2025 participants who have self-only coverage, the plan needs to have an annual deductible no less than $2,850 (a $50 increase from the previous tax year), but no more than $4,300 (an increase of $150 from the prior tax year).

The maximum out-of-pocket expense amount rises to $5,700, up from $5,550 in tax year 2024. For family coverage in tax year 2025, the annual deductible is no less than $5,700, increasing from $5,550 in tax year 2024; however, the deductible can’t be more than $8,550, an increase of $200 versus the limit for tax year 2024. For family coverage, the out-of-pocket expense limit is $10,500 for tax year 2025, rising from $10,200 in tax year 2024.

  • Foreign earned income exclusion: For tax year 2025, the foreign earned income exclusion increases to $130,000, from $126,500 in tax year 2024.
  • Estate tax credits: Estates of decedents who die during 2025 have a basic exclusion amount of $13,990,000, increased from $13,610,000 for estates of decedents who died in 2024.
  • Annual exclusion for gifts: The exclusion grows to $19,000 for calendar year 2025, rising from $18,000 for calendar year 2024.
  • Adoption credits: For tax year 2025, the maximum credit permitted for an adoption of a child with special needs is the amount of qualified adoption expenses up to $17,280, increased from $16,810 for tax year 2024.

Unchanged for tax year 2025

By law, some items that used to be indexed for inflation in the past are currently not adjusted.

  • Personal exemptions: For tax year 2025, they remain at 0, as in tax year 2024. The elimination of the personal exemption was a provision in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.
  • Itemized deductions: There is no limitation on itemized deductions for tax year 2025, as in tax year 2024 and preceding, to tax year 2018. The limitation on itemized deductions was eliminated by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.
  • Lifetime learning credits: The modified adjusted gross income amount used by taxpayers to determine the reduction in the Lifetime Learning Credit provided in Sec. 25A(d)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code is not adjusted for inflation for taxable years starting after Dec. 31, 2020. The Lifetime Learning Credit is phased out for taxpayers with modified adjusted gross income in excess of $80,000 ($160,000 for joint returns).

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Accounting

BPM to merge in WBM Partners in Canada

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BPM LLP, a Top 50 Firm based in San Francisco, is expanding further in Canada by adding WBM Partners LLP, a firm with offices in the greater Toronto area and Calgary, with the deal expected to be completed by June 1.

WBM provides accounting, auditing, and business advisory services to individuals and organizations across industries such as real estate and land development, hospitality, transportation, and professional services. In addition, WBM’s family office offers a variety of services including tax planning, estate planning, tax services and family governance. 

Financial terms of the deal were not disclosed. BPM (formerly known as Burr Pilger and Mayer) ranked No. 33 on Accounting Today’s 2025 list of the Top 100 Firms, with $260 million in annual revenue, 79 partners and 1,462 employees. BPM will add 37 professionals, bringing the firm’s total Canadian locations to three and total colleagues to 125.

“WBM’s dedication to excellence, integrity, and value-added service aligns perfectly with BPM’s mission and values,” said BPM CEO Jim Wallace in a statement Monday. “We are thrilled to welcome WBM to the BPM community. Together, we’re well-positioned to help clients achieve their goals and bring a full suite of services to the Canadian market.”

The deal comes at a fraught time for U.S.-Canada relations as tariff threats accelerate across both sides of the border. At least in the accounting profession, deals can still be made.

“Joining forces with BPM marks an exciting chapter for our clients, partners, and employees,” said WBM managing partner Al Karim Moloo in a statement. “BPM’s emphasis on professional development and innovation provides unparalleled opportunities for our team and ensures we can deliver even greater value to our clients. We are excited about the possibilities this combination brings.”

Last month, BPM announced it would be creating a global network dubbed BPM Global Ltd., with its first network member firm, Enspira Financial, with offices in Sydney and Melbourne, Australia. In 2023, BPM added two Las Vegas-based firms, Fair, Anderson & Langerman and RiMo Consulting, as well as O&S CPAs and Business Advisors in Long Beach, California. 

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Accounting

AICPA proposes independence rule changes for PE funding

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The American Institute of CPAs has issued a set of recommendations from a special task force on changing some of the independence rules related to alternative practice structures at accounting firms, given the large number of deals involving private equity investments.

The recommendations come from an Alternative Practice Structures Task Force that was set up two years ago by the AICPA’s Professional Ethics Executive Committee. They’re in a discussion memo and the AICPA is asking for comments on the preliminary conclusions and two possible interpretation options. Feedback should be emailed to [email protected] by June 15. The AICPA said last month it planned to revise the rules.

One of the revision options includes a specific private equity-related example, while the other is more general. Under both options, the draft interpretations would provide a three-step process:

  1. Determine which entities associated with the alternative practice structure are network firms (a term which is defined in the ethics code). Network firms are subject to independence requirements for financial statement audit and review clients.
  2. Determine which individuals associated with the alternative practice structure are covered members subject to independence requirements.
  3. Determine which additional relationships and circumstances associated with the alternative practice structure create threats to independence, and then identify relationships and circumstances where independence would be impaired, and apply the “Conceptual Framework for Independence” (ET sec.1.210.010) to any other relationships and circumstances that the member knows or has reason to believe may exist.

When evaluating the first step, the non-attest entity would be considered a network firm of the attest firm. Alternatively, a private equity investor, its funds and other portfolio companies would generally not be considered network firms, so portfolio companies could conceivably provide non-attest services to any attest clients. However, there may be circumstances where a portfolio company could be defined as a network firm for other reasons that will be spelled out in the task force’s discussion memorandum.

After the comment period closes, the committee intends to use the feedback to supplement its research and develop a formal exposure draft.

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Accounting

Financial empathy for CPAs isn’t an oxymoron

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Deep in the heart of busy season, probably the last thing on your mind is feeling empathy for your clients when they’ve been procrastinating and are so disorganized. But in an increasingly competitive business climate, if you’re not able to make a true connection with your clients, they could easily move to a more empathetic firm, even one lacking your experience and technical acumen.

The word “empathy” gets thrown around a lot these days, but quite simply empathy is the ability to see the world through someone else’s eyes, to walk in their shoes and to understand their emotions and connect with them on a deeper level — without judgement. When you do that, clients will feel like they are the most important person in your life. Don’t underestimate the power of empathy.

Taking it a step further, “financial empathy” is about understanding and recognizing the emotional impact that money issues have on someone’s life. It’s about understanding the story beneath the numbers. It’s about acknowledging that money problems can be incredibly stressful and anxiety-provoking for clients, which affects their overall sense of wellbeing. 

While financial empathy isn’t covered in most accounting curricula or CPE courses, high-performing CPAs are increasingly incorporating into their practices. Dr. Michael Thomas, a former auditor with a degree in accounting, now an author, TEDx speaker, and financial planning educator at the University of Georgia, told me on my podcast thatFinancial empathy incorporates the three elements of empathy: 1. Cognitive empathy;2. Affective empathy (i.e., emotional empathy); and,

3. Compassionate empathy. The goal, he said, is to move through understanding and emotional connection to reach a compassionate response.

Real-world example

David, a newly divorced business owner, was filing taxes alone for the first time as a single. His ex-wife had always handled their finances, leaving him overwhelmed by investment losses, business deductions, and estimated tax payments.

David’s conversation with his CPA began with: “I messed up, I should have known.” Using cognitive empathy, his accountant reassured him that many business owners face similar challenges, and he explained David’s tax situation in simple terms. With affective empathy (i.e., feeling the same emotion that another person is feeling), his CPA created a safe space for questions, validating David’s concerns without judgment. Through compassionate empathy, the CPA helped David create a tax plan that he fully understood. It was the first step in a holistic financial plan, giving the client peace of mind and a path toward financial stability.

By replacing shame with understanding, the CPA empowered David to take control of both his personal and business finances.

Benefits of being an empathetic CPA

  • It helps you move clients away from financial shame toward vulnerability and openness.
  • It enables clients to share complete information needed for effective financial planning.
  • It builds lasting trust and long-term relationships.
  • It creates mutual growth for both advisor and client.
  • It allows money to serve as a conduit to a client’s authentic goals and joy.

Implementing financial empathy in your practice

  • Financial empathy involves active listening beyond just hearing words —- understanding the interaction of communication and emotion.
  • Financial empathy requires advisors, including CPAs, to self-regulate their own emotional responses while engaging with clients.
  • Financial empathy slows down the process so you can hear clients’ needs more effectively.

“As advisors, we get so excited when we use our technical skills to solve a client’s problem, but clients don’t always see it that way” if it’s just numbers, formulas and regulations, Dr. Thomas noted. “Financial empathy is going through the process of understanding the emotional experience, so the client feels seen and feels heard,” he added. 

Thomas said that’s when the NURSE algorithm can be very impactful for accountants and other financial advisors: Name the thing. Understand it. Respect the experience. Support the individual. Explore solutions collaboratively with your client.

Let’s look at how the NURSE framework can help a business owner like David whom we met above:

  • Name the thing. Acknowledge his feelings of overwhelm, uncertainty and difficulties of divorce. “David, it sounds like you are feeling overwhelmed and uncertain about your finances.”
  • Understand it. Take the time to listen to your client’s concerns, their fear of making mistakes, confusion over investment losses, and anxiety about taxes, before offering solutions: “David, many people in your position feel the same way. Walk us through the situation and let us know what’s on your mind.”
  • Respect the experience. Rather than focusing solely on technical fixes, recognize the emotional weight David feels about managing finances post-divorce. Often this is where advisors go immediately into problem-solving mode. Instead, take time to acknowledge your client’s feelings, before getting into the facts. “You’ve had a lot on your plate, David. Handling this alone for the first time is a big adjustment.”
  • Support the individual. Create a safe, judgment-free space where your client feels comfortable asking questions, ensuring they fully understand their new tax obligations and how those obligations fit into their business operations: “David, you don’t need to have it all figured out today. That’s what we’re here for. We can break it down one step at a time.”
  • Explore solutions collaboratively. Instead of simply prescribing a planning strategy, work with your client to develop a tax plan collaboratively — a plan they understand and feel confident implementing: “David, we’ve made great progress today, and now you have clear next steps for both your business and personal finances. This should give you a path toward greater peace of mind and financial confidence.”

By integrating financial empathy with structured guidance, David’s CPA helped him replace stress with confidence, ensuring he felt both clarity and control over his personal and business finances.

Still not convinced? Well, according to Dr. Thomas, there are four main risks for accountants and financial advisors who don’t develop their empathy skills and overall soft skills:

  1. “Pseudo-empathetic response.” This is when advisors default to technical expertise when emotionally challenged.
  2. Reverting to sympathy (“feeling bad that you feel bad”) rather than true empathy.
  3. Forgetting that while you may be comfortable with numbers, clients may have an aversion to numbers and advanced math.
  4. Rushing to solutions without understanding emotional context. That’s the evil Advice Monster at work.

As Dr. Thomas explained, all humans understand basic emotions like fear, even if contexts differ. Clients won’t share vulnerability unless they feel seen and heard. The empathy process can change you as much as the client. Technical solutions should not be delivered with emotional awareness.

Financial empathy isn’t about being overly emotional or sacrificing technical expertise; it’s about creating a framework for more effective client relationships. That’s why I originated the Advis-ROR methodology (Return on Relationships).  After all, isn’t that why you are your clients’ most trusted advisor?

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