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IRS adjusts tax amounts for inflation for 2025

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The Internal Revenue Service issued its annual inflation adjustments Tuesday for tax year 2025, including changes in the standard deduction, marginal rates, tax credits and dozens of other items as a result of inflation.

The tax year 2025 adjustments mainly apply to income tax returns that will be filed starting in tax season 2026. Revenue Procedure 2024-40 includes detailed information on all the adjustments and changes to more than 60 tax provisions that will affect taxpayers when they file their tax returns in 2026. The tax items for tax year 2025 of greatest interest to the most taxpayers include the following dollar amounts:

  • Standard deductions: For single taxpayers and married individuals filing separately for tax year 2025, the standard deduction climbs to $15,000 for 2025, an increase of $400 from 2024. For married couples filing jointly, the standard deduction rises to $30,000, an increase of $800 from tax year 2024. For heads of households, the standard deduction will be $22,500 for tax year 2024, an increase of $600 from the amount for tax year 2024.
  • Marginal rates: For tax year 2025, the top tax rate remains 37% for individual single taxpayers with incomes greater than $626,350 ($751,600 for married couples filing jointly). The other rates are: 
  • 35% for incomes over $250,525 ($501,050 for married couples filing jointly);
  • 32% for incomes over $197,300 ($394,600 for married couples filing jointly);
  • 24% for incomes over $103,350 ($206,700 for married couples filing jointly);
  • 22% for incomes over $48,475 ($96,950 for married couples filing jointly);
  • 12% for incomes over $11,925 ($23,850 for married couples filing jointly); and,
  • 10% for incomes $11,925 or less ($23,850 or less for married couples filing jointly).
  • Alternative minimum tax exemption amounts: For tax year 2025, the exemption amount for unmarried individuals increases to $88,100 ($68,650 for married individuals filing separately) and starts to phase out at $626,350. For married couples filing jointly, the exemption amount rises to $137,000 and starts to phase out at $1,252,700.
  • Earned Income Tax Credits: For qualifying taxpayers who have three or more qualifying children, the tax year 2025 maximum Earned Income Tax Credit amount is $8,046, an increase from $7,830 for tax year 2024. The revenue procedure includes a table providing the maximum EITC amount for other categories, income thresholds and phase-outs.
  • Qualified transportation fringe benefit: For tax year 2025, the monthly limitation for the qualified transportation fringe benefit and the monthly limitation for qualified parking rises to $325, increasing from $315 in tax year 2024.
  • Health flexible spending cafeteria plans: For taxable years starting in 2025, the dollar limitation for employee salary reductions for contributions to health flexible spending arrangements rises to $3,300, growing from $3,200 in tax year 2024. For cafeteria plans that permit the carryover of unused amounts, the maximum carryover amount rises to $660, increasing from $640 in tax year 2024.
  • Medical savings accounts: For tax year 2025 participants who have self-only coverage, the plan needs to have an annual deductible no less than $2,850 (a $50 increase from the previous tax year), but no more than $4,300 (an increase of $150 from the prior tax year).

The maximum out-of-pocket expense amount rises to $5,700, up from $5,550 in tax year 2024. For family coverage in tax year 2025, the annual deductible is no less than $5,700, increasing from $5,550 in tax year 2024; however, the deductible can’t be more than $8,550, an increase of $200 versus the limit for tax year 2024. For family coverage, the out-of-pocket expense limit is $10,500 for tax year 2025, rising from $10,200 in tax year 2024.

  • Foreign earned income exclusion: For tax year 2025, the foreign earned income exclusion increases to $130,000, from $126,500 in tax year 2024.
  • Estate tax credits: Estates of decedents who die during 2025 have a basic exclusion amount of $13,990,000, increased from $13,610,000 for estates of decedents who died in 2024.
  • Annual exclusion for gifts: The exclusion grows to $19,000 for calendar year 2025, rising from $18,000 for calendar year 2024.
  • Adoption credits: For tax year 2025, the maximum credit permitted for an adoption of a child with special needs is the amount of qualified adoption expenses up to $17,280, increased from $16,810 for tax year 2024.

Unchanged for tax year 2025

By law, some items that used to be indexed for inflation in the past are currently not adjusted.

  • Personal exemptions: For tax year 2025, they remain at 0, as in tax year 2024. The elimination of the personal exemption was a provision in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.
  • Itemized deductions: There is no limitation on itemized deductions for tax year 2025, as in tax year 2024 and preceding, to tax year 2018. The limitation on itemized deductions was eliminated by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.
  • Lifetime learning credits: The modified adjusted gross income amount used by taxpayers to determine the reduction in the Lifetime Learning Credit provided in Sec. 25A(d)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code is not adjusted for inflation for taxable years starting after Dec. 31, 2020. The Lifetime Learning Credit is phased out for taxpayers with modified adjusted gross income in excess of $80,000 ($160,000 for joint returns).

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Republicans push Musk aside as Trump tax bill barrels forward

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Congressional Republicans are siding with Donald Trump in the messy divorce between the president and Elon Musk, an optimistic sign for eventual passage of a tax cut bill at the root of the two billionaires’ public feud.

Lawmakers are largely taking their cues from Trump and sticking by the $3 trillion bill at the center of the White House’s economic agenda. Musk, the biggest political donor of the 2024 cycle, has threatened to help primary anyone who votes for the legislation, but lawmakers are betting that staying in the president’s good graces is the safer path to political survival.

“The tax bill is not in jeopardy. We are going to deliver on that,” House Speaker Mike Johnson told reporters on Friday.

“I’ll tell you what — do not doubt, don’t second guess and do not challenge the President of the United States Donald Trump,” he added. “He is the leader of the party. He’s the most consequential political figure of our time.”

A fight between Trump and Musk exploded into public view this week. The sparring started with the tech titan calling the president’s tax bill a “disgusting abomination,” but quickly escalated to more personal attacks and Trump threatening to cancel all federal contracts and subsidies to Musk’s companies, such as Tesla Inc. and SpaceX which have benefitted from government ties.

Republicans on Capitol Hill, who had —  until recently — publicly embraced Musk, said they weren’t swayed by the billionaire’s criticism that the bill cost too much. Lawmakers have refuted official estimates of the package, saying that the tax cuts for households, small businesses and politically important groups — including hospitality and hourly workers — will generate enough economic growth to offset the price tag.

“I don’t tell my friend Elon, I don’t argue with him about how to build rockets, and I wish he wouldn’t argue with me about how to craft legislation and pass it,” Johnson told CNBC earlier Friday.

House Budget Committee Chair Jodey Arrington told reporters that House lawmakers are focused on working with the Senate as it revises the bill to make sure the legislation has the political support in both chambers to make it to Trump’s desk for his signature. 

“We move past the drama and we get the substance of what is needed to make the modest improvements that can be made,” he said.

House fiscal hawks said that they hadn’t changed their prior positions on the legislation based on Musk’s statements. They also said they agree with GOP leaders that there will be other chances to make further spending cuts outside the tax bill. 

Representative Tom McClintock, a fiscal conservative, said “the bill will pass because it has to pass,” adding that both Musk and Trump needed to calm down. “They both need to take a nap,” he said.

Even some of the House bill’s most vociferous critics appeared resigned to its passage. Kentucky Representative Thomas Massie, who voted against the House version, predicted that despite Musk’s objections, the Senate will make only small changes.

“The speaker is right about one thing. This barely passed the House. If they muck with it too much in the Senate, it may not pass the House again,” he said.

Trump is pressuring lawmakers to move at breakneck speed to pass the tax-cut bill, demanding they vote on the bill before the July 4 holiday. The president has been quick to blast critics of the bill — including calling Senator Rand Paul “crazy” for objecting to the inclusion of a debt ceiling increase in the package.

As the legislation worked its way through the House last month, Trump took to social media to criticize holdouts and invited undecided members to the White House to compel them to support the package. It passed by one vote.

Senate Majority Leader John Thune — who is planning to unveil his chamber’s version of the bill as soon as next week — said his timeline is unmoved by Musk. 

“We are already pretty far down the trail,” he said.

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Accounting

3 small business trends to position your firm for growth

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Now that tax season is over, it’s time to refocus on identifying and implementing business strategies that drive your firm’s growth and keep you ahead of the curve in an ever-changing economic environment. 

The market is shifting fast, and accounting firms that spot these changes early will come out ahead. According to Intuit QuickBooks’ Entrepreneurship in 2025 survey, one in five small business owners say they don’t currently have an accountant but are actively looking for one. That’s a lot of potential clients who need your expertise. Is your firm ready to meet this demand?

Here are three small business trends for your accounting firm to keep in mind this year:

1. Accountants may be scarce, but new small businesses continue to increase

It’s no secret that the accounting profession is facing a talent shortage as more experienced accountants retire or leave the industry and fewer young professionals enter the field. The requirements to become a CPA have deterred prospective candidates, leading to a decline in new accountants joining the workforce. 

But at the same time, the number of small businesses is steadily growing, creating a major opportunity for your firm to expand its client base this year. The Entrepreneurship survey found that more than half (54%) of respondents plan to start a new business this year. That’s a wave of new entrepreneurs who will need the right financial guidance, tax planning and compliance support to ensure their first year in business is successful and represents the beginning of long-term success. 

Accounting firms can position themselves to take advantage of this demand using technologies like AI to help close the gap. Additionally, for firms looking to grow, targeting the right clients is key. Whether through niche specialization, local networking, or strategic marketing — meeting business owners where they are can help firms build lasting relationships. Investing in outreach now can pay dividends in the form of long-term growth-potential clients and a stronger, more resilient practice. 

2. Small businesses are prioritizing technology — and so should your firm

Small business owners are jumping on the tech bandwagon, and they’re not slowing down.  From AI-powered bookkeeping to automated invoicing, they’re leaning on new tools to streamline operations, save time, and run their businesses more efficiently and effectively.

Why should your firm take note? Because business owners want more from their accountants than just tax returns and payroll. They’re looking for real-time financial insights, business advice and hands-on support to help them navigate evolving economic challenges like rising costs and higher interest rates. 

That’s where technology and human expertise come together. On average, firms planned to invest $25,000 in accounting and bookkeeping technologies last year. Investing in technologies like AI-enabled tools helps firms automate repetitive tasks and crunch data faster. These tools are powerful when paired with an accountant’s experience and industry knowledge. They arm accountants with insights that can shed light on big-picture trends, guide a client’s financial decisions, and keep back-office operations running smoothly.

3. Errors are common for entrepreneurs who manage their own business taxes

Financial management is not always a small business owner’s expertise. While entrepreneurs need some level of financial literacy to run and grow their businesses, most are learning as they go. One of the biggest areas of concern? Taxes. In fact, 34% of business owners say they’ve made an error when filing business taxes in the past. This includes overpaying or underpaying taxes, filing at the wrong time, or using the wrong forms.

Across the board, business owners cite understanding tax laws and regulations as the most challenging aspect of filing business taxes, followed by keeping track of necessary documentation and maximizing tax credits and incentives. For accountants, this represents a clear opportunity to provide guidance and strategic support, helping clients navigate complex financial requirements while positioning their firms as trusted advisors.

With entrepreneurship on the rise this year, accounting firms have an opportunity to play an important role in small business success. Whether it’s tax season or beyond, keeping these small business trends in mind will help your firm stay competitive and drive long-term growth for both your business and the clients you serve.

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Accounting

On the move: HCVT hired CAS co-leader

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Grant Thornton names new CFO; CTCPA installs board of directors; and more news from across the profession.

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