Accounting researchers say they have uncovered a theoretically possible solution to simplify the tracking of Scope 3 greenhouse gas emissions up and down the value chain using smart contracts and non-fungible tokens on a blockchain platform, easing the carbon reporting process and allowing for increased automation.
Under certain regulations in the European Union, California and other jurisdictions, entities need to report direct emissions from a company’s facilities and vehicles (Scope 1), indirect emissions from the energy used to run its operations (Scope 2), and emissions from upstream suppliers and downstream end users that buy a company’s products (Scope 3), which are generally understood to be the most complex and difficult to track. The accounting researchers—from Auburn University and John Carroll University—believe they have found a technological solution that, theoretically, could make this process easier.
The theoretical solution, outlined in the Accounting Review paper Using Blockchain, Non-Fungible Tokens, and Smart Contracts to Track and Report Greenhouse Gas Emissions, consists of a system that would take the form of a web-based connection that allows companies involved in a value chain to enter their emissions data. This data, with proper permissions, could then be accessed by third parties along the value chain who need to report on not just their emissions but those of their suppliers upstream and their customers downstream.
Emissions rise from smokestacks at the PKN Orlen SA oil refinery in Plock, Poland.
Bartek Sadowski/Bloomberg
More specifically, each component of a tangible asset would have an associated NFT minted by a self-executing smart contract once that component enters the value chain as a blockchain input. This NFT is assigned data showing Scope 1 emissions associated with creating the component; a separate NFT is then minted for the Scope 2 emissions generated to create the component. As these components move through the physical value chain, the corresponding NFTs move between the same firms on the blockchain. When components are combined in manufacturing, smart contracts would “burn” the associated NFTs and mint new ones that represent the updated in-process assets and their aggregated emissions to that point in the value chain. Each one of these updates is recorded onto the blockchain ledger, which the researchers said would be collectively maintained and approved by consortium members.
“This system creates a near real-time cradle-to-grave provenance for tangible assets and their associated emissions as they move through the value chain and allows all emissions to be counted and claimed. Furthermore, all value chain participants can use this system to determine the total emissions associated with a product and their classification as Scope 1, 2, or 3 from their reporting vantage point,” said the paper.
Their system also has the ability to turn on and off different levels of privacy to protect each company’s proprietary information. Participants also can view just the upstream and downstream Scope 3 emissions by categories such as purchased goods or services, transportation and distribution and end-of-life treatment for sold products. When their system is fully built out, according to the paper, any company with authorized access can query the blockchain ledger to see the value of each of their products’ total emissions along all three scopes.
This is in contrast to current practices, which is generally seen as a complex and arduous affair that relies heavily on manual processes.
“In the process of conducting our research, we interviewed one [individual] who works for a large retail company, and he manually enters data from about 4,000 vendors into a spreadsheet and then performs calculations,” said Jenkins, noting that this method is time-intensive and could result in data entry errors and the double-counting of emissions,” said Greg Jenkins, one of the study’s authors.
The paper, however, did not say this technique was a slam dunk. It noted there are many practical hurdles to overcome before such a system could be fully implemented, as well as many risks that must be accounted for. While technologically feasible, experts the researchers ran the concept past pointed to, one, a need for governance and coordination, two, a lack of trust in the blockchain, and, three, blockchain latency. This is on top of other anticipated difficulties such as the challenge of obtaining accurate emissions data to enter into the blockchain in the first place, differences in reporting calendars potentially disrupting coordination, potential exposure of confidential information, and other risks that the technology is meant to address. However, the researchers believe that these challenges can be overcome, and that it will be worth it once they are.
“Notwithstanding the need for future research and refinement, our proposed solution and the prototype we demonstrate can improve the tracking and reporting of value chain emissions. If implemented, it would enable a cradle-tograve provenance for emissions tracking. With its ‘hand-off’ of emissions between firms, the ecosystem allows for tracking emissions as they move between parties, thus alleviating concerns about having to use secondary data sources to estimate upstream and downstream Scope 3 emissions. It would also alleviate concerns around the timing of emissions reporting, by making emissions data available to all value chain participants in near real-time. Finally, the complete and linear provenance of emissions recorded in a verified and secure ledger should help provide a path to higher levels of assurance on emissions disclosures (i.e., reasonable rather than limited assurance),” said the paper’s conclusion.
The emissions tracking technology is protected by a U.S. patent, “System, method, and computer-readable medium for using blockchain, NFTs, and smart contracts to track and report greenhouse gas emissions,” filed in May 2024.
While blockchains have the potential to be very energy intensive themselves, thus creating significant greenhouse gases, Mark Sheldon, another of the study’s authors, noted that specific applications do not necessarily have to be.
“Blockchains use different consensus mechanisms to ensure the various nodes (computers) agree on updates to the underlying ledger. Proof-of-stake, an option to use with our solution, is very energy efficient when compared to proof-of-work which is the one everyone hears about with Bitcoin. In fact, the Ethereum blockchain recently changed from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake and reports to be 99% more energy efficient. There are other factors that also come into play with our specific model, but this is the big one for energy efficiency,” he said in an email.
Jody Padar, an author and speaker known as “The Radical CPA,” and Katie Tolin, a growth strategist for CPAs, together launched a training and technology platform called XcelLabs.
XcelLabs provides solutions to help accountants use artificial technology fluently and strategically. The Pennsylvania Institute of CPAs and CPA Crossings joined with Padar and Tolin as strategic partners and investors.
“To reinvent the profession, we must start by training the professional who can then transform their firms,” Padar said in a statement. “By equipping people with data and insights that help them see things differently, they can provide better advice to their clients and firm.”
Jody Padar
The platform includes XcelLabs Academy, a series of educational online courses on the basics of AI, being a better advisor, leadership and practice management; Navi, a proprietary tool that uses AI to help accountants turn unstructured data like emails, phone calls and meetings into insights; and training and consulting services. These offerings are currently in beta testing.
“Accountants know they need to be more advisory, but not everyone can figure out how to do it,” Tolin said in a statement. “Couple that with the fact that AI will be doing a lot of the lower-level work accountants do today, and we need to create that next level advisor now. By showing accountants how to unlock patterns in their actions and turn client conversations into emotionally intelligent advice, we can create the accounting professional of the future.”
Katie Tolin
“AI is transforming how CPAs work, and XcelLabs is focused on helping the profession evolve with it,” PICPA CEO Jennifer Cryder said in a statement. “At PICPA, we’re proud to support a mission that aligns so closely with ours: empowering firms to use AI not just for efficiency, but to drive growth, value and long-term relevance.”
The accountant the world urgently needs has evolved far beyond the traditional role we recognized just a few years ago.
The transformation of the accounting profession is not merely an anticipated change; it is a pressing reality that is currently shaping business decisions, academic programs and the expected contributions of professionals. Yet, in many areas, accounting education stubbornly clings to outdated, overly technical models that fail to connect with the actual demands of the market. We must confront a critical question: If we continue to train accountants solely to file tax reports, are we truly equipping them for the challenges of today’s world?
This shift in mindset extends beyond individual countries or educational systems; it is a global movement. The recent announcement of the CIMA/CGMA 2026 syllabus has made it unmistakably clear: merely knowing how to post journal entries is insufficient. Today’s accountants are required to interpret the landscape, anticipate risks and act with strategic awareness. Critical thinking, sustainable finance, technology and human behavior are not just supplementary topics; they are essential components in the education of any professional seeking to remain relevant.
The CIMA/CGMA proposal for 2026 is not just a curriculum update; it is a powerful manifesto. This new program positions analytical thinking, strategic business partnering and technology application at the core of accounting education. It unequivocally highlights sustainability, aligning with IFRS S1 and S2, and expands the accountant’s responsibilities beyond mere numbers to encompass conscious leadership, environmental impact and corporate governance.
The current changes in the accounting profession underscore an urgent shift in expectations from both educators and employers. Today, companies of all sizes and industries demand accountants who can do far more than interpret balance sheets. They expect professionals who grasp the deeper context behind the numbers, identify inconsistencies, anticipate potential issues before they escalate into losses, and act decisively as a bridge between data and decision making.
To meet these expectations, a radical mindset shift is essential. There are firms still operating on autopilot, mindlessly repeating tasks with minimal critical analysis. Likewise, many academic programs continue to treat accounting as purely a technical discipline, disregarding the vital elements of reflection, strategy and behavioral insight. This outdated approach creates a significant mismatch. While the world forges ahead, parts of the accounting profession remain stuck in the past.
The consequences of this shift are already becoming evident. The demand for compliance, transparency and sustainability now applies not only to large corporations but also to small and mid-sized businesses. Many of these organizations rely on professionals ill-equipped to drive the necessary changes, putting both business performance and the reputation of the profession at risk.
The positive news is that accountants who are ready to thrive in this new era do not necessarily need additional degrees. What they truly need is a commitment to awareness, a dedication to continuous learning, and the courage to step beyond their comfort zones. The future of accounting is here, and it is firmly rooted in analytical, strategic and human-oriented perspectives. The 2026 curriculum is a clear indication of the changes underway. Those who fail to think critically and holistically will be left behind.
In contrast, accountants who see the big picture, understand the ripple effects of their decisions, and actively contribute to the financial and ethical health of organizations will undeniably remain indispensable, anywhere in the world.
Congressional Republicans are siding with Donald Trump in the messy divorce between the president and Elon Musk, an optimistic sign for eventual passage of a tax cut bill at the root of the two billionaires’ public feud.
Lawmakers are largely taking their cues from Trump and sticking by the $3 trillion bill at the center of the White House’s economic agenda. Musk, the biggest political donor of the 2024 cycle, has threatened to help primary anyone who votes for the legislation, but lawmakers are betting that staying in the president’s good graces is the safer path to political survival.
“The tax bill is not in jeopardy. We are going to deliver on that,” House Speaker Mike Johnson told reporters on Friday.
“I’ll tell you what — do not doubt, don’t second guess and do not challenge the President of the United States Donald Trump,” he added. “He is the leader of the party. He’s the most consequential political figure of our time.”
A fight between Trump and Musk exploded into public view this week. The sparring started with the tech titan calling the president’s tax bill a “disgusting abomination,” but quickly escalated to more personal attacks and Trump threatening to cancel all federal contracts and subsidies to Musk’s companies, such as Tesla Inc. and SpaceX which have benefitted from government ties.
Republicans on Capitol Hill, who had — until recently — publicly embraced Musk, said they weren’t swayed by the billionaire’s criticism that the bill cost too much. Lawmakers have refuted official estimates of the package, saying that the tax cuts for households, small businesses and politically important groups — including hospitality and hourly workers — will generate enough economic growth to offset the price tag.
“I don’t tell my friend Elon, I don’t argue with him about how to build rockets, and I wish he wouldn’t argue with me about how to craft legislation and pass it,” Johnson told CNBC earlier Friday.
House Budget Committee Chair Jodey Arrington told reporters that House lawmakers are focused on working with the Senate as it revises the bill to make sure the legislation has the political support in both chambers to make it to Trump’s desk for his signature.
“We move past the drama and we get the substance of what is needed to make the modest improvements that can be made,” he said.
House fiscal hawks said that they hadn’t changed their prior positions on the legislation based on Musk’s statements. They also said they agree with GOP leaders that there will be other chances to make further spending cuts outside the tax bill.
Representative Tom McClintock, a fiscal conservative, said “the bill will pass because it has to pass,” adding that both Musk and Trump needed to calm down. “They both need to take a nap,” he said.
Even some of the House bill’s most vociferous critics appeared resigned to its passage. Kentucky Representative Thomas Massie, who voted against the House version, predicted that despite Musk’s objections, the Senate will make only small changes.
“The speaker is right about one thing. This barely passed the House. If they muck with it too much in the Senate, it may not pass the House again,” he said.
Trump is pressuring lawmakers to move at breakneck speed to pass the tax-cut bill, demanding they vote on the bill before the July 4 holiday. The president has been quick to blast critics of the bill — including calling Senator Rand Paul “crazy” for objecting to the inclusion of a debt ceiling increase in the package.
As the legislation worked its way through the House last month, Trump took to social media to criticize holdouts and invited undecided members to the White House to compel them to support the package. It passed by one vote.
Senate Majority Leader John Thune — who is planning to unveil his chamber’s version of the bill as soon as next week — said his timeline is unmoved by Musk.
“We are already pretty far down the trail,” he said.