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Enforcement vs. progress: Audit reform amid heavy regulation

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High-profile enforcement activity is beginning to undermine the trust that the audit profession has earned over more than a century of diligent work. However, the historically large fines are not indicators of a degradation in audit quality. Instead, key audit quality indicators point to significant improvements in audit quality.

Recent enforcement actions by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board appear to prioritize administrative burdens and punitive measures over substantive improvements in audit quality. As these multimillion-dollar fines make their way into headlines of mainstream news, the public perception of auditors and audit quality erodes.

Our profession supports the need to root out bad actors and poor quality, while ensuring the integrity of audits. However, the PCAOB’s current enforcement-first, overly prescriptive guidance leads to excessive administrative costs and enforcement measures that do little to enhance audit quality. Instead, this approach contributes to an atmosphere of hostility that forces staff and prospective auditors to think twice about their engagements and leadership roles in audit firms. This shift harms our profession — which is already struggling to attract and retain talent, even at the partner level — and also the broader capital markets.

Audit quality indicators already showed significant improvement before the PCAOB’s recent push for greater enforcement. For example, the Big Four audit firms have maintained relatively low deficiency rates, and the number of financial restatements has decreased dramatically in recent years. The percentage of material restatements, “Big R” restatements, fell from 28% to 18% from 2013 to 2022, reflecting better adaptation to new reporting standards and internal controls by public companies and their auditors, according to the Center of Audit Quality. While restatements ticked up slightly in 2021 due to financial statement reporting challenges resulting from COVID, in a more recent snapshot of our industry’s performance, the total number of restatements significantly decreased by 69% from 1,467 in 2021 to 454 in 2022.

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Despite these gains, the PCAOB’s aggressive enforcement agenda overshadows the profession’s achievements. In the first half of 2024 alone, the PCAOB levied nearly $35 million in penalties — more than the combined total of penalties imposed in the previous four years. Just 10 years ago, the PCAOB levied fines totaling $85,000. In the span of a decade, that makes for an astonishing increase of over 40,000%. Prior to current PCAOB Chair Erica Williams, the average yearly fines from the board were approximately $2.6 million. From 2022 to the first half of 2024, the average annual total of fines sits at roughly $22 million.

This spike in fines reflects an ‘enforcement-first’ mentality that focuses on punishment rather than collaboration and guidance to improve quality.

Growing enforcement activity and eroded trust, despite improving audit quality

If we look more closely, many of these fines are imposed for technicalities, such as lapses in documentation, communication, or not filing a Form AP 60 in a timely fashion. Accounting firms should avoid these errors, yes, but the current regime punishes them with disproportionate severity. 

Rather than providing firms an opportunity to remediate without financial penalties, the PCAOB’s aggressive actions discourage professionals from continuing in the auditing field, undermining the goal of promoting high audit quality. The effectiveness of the board’s regulatory oversight should be measured by improvements in audit quality, not the dollar figure it tallies in fines.

High-profile enforcement actions often overshadow the diligent, day-to-day work that most auditors perform, and these incidents do not reflect the overall health of the profession. Yet still, enforcement activity remains elevated.

Doing more with less: Guidance, technology and people

Since COVID, audit professionals are being asked to do more with less. More work, greater scrutiny, and harsher penalties exacerbate the profession’s talent pipeline challenges. Recent PCAOB proposals suggest a drastic expansion of audit scope — including the proposal on noncompliance with laws and regulations, for example, that would require auditors to provide greater assurance across areas typically outside the scope of a financial statement audit, which would result in significant increases in time and effort, and significantly increased audit fees. 

While these regulations aim to increase trust and accountability, they can often create challenges for firms trying to comply. This is particularly true for smaller firms, which may struggle to meet new demands due to limited resources. Larger firms, while more equipped to adapt, must still weigh the balance of compliance against delivery of high-quality audits, and even some of the largest auditors have backed out due to the risk of over-zealous PCAOB enforcement.

Many firms see emerging technologies like artificial intelligence and automated analytics tools as a way to streamline processes and alleviate some aspects of increasing scrutiny and workloads. These innovations have the potential to revolutionize audits by automating data-heavy tasks and allowing auditors to focus on deeper, more complex analysis. 

While the technology exists, many firms face challenges in integrating it at the speed and scale needed, in part due to a regulatory environment that pushes for enforcement instead of innovation. I believe that with a proper refocusing on progressive policy and support in regards to audit technology, we can create a framework that leads to fast adoption of technology to not only support auditors, but substantially improve audit quality.

A balanced approach to reform

Voices within the profession already call for a more sensible approach to reform. Christina Ho, a PCAOB board member, advocates for practical standards that enhance audit quality without imposing undue burdens on firms. These perspectives, echoed by the Pennsylvania Institute of CPAs, stress the importance of balancing improved processes with realistic operational expectations.

Moving forward, the audit profession must navigate the fine line between regulation, enforcement and innovation. If current regulatory pressures continue unchecked, they could drive professional talent away, threatening the diversity and competitiveness of the field. By supporting policies that prioritize both innovation and practicality, the audit profession can continue to thrive in a rapidly changing environment.

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XcelLabs launches to help accountants use AI

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Jody Padar, an author and speaker known as “The Radical CPA,” and Katie Tolin, a growth strategist for CPAs, together launched a training and technology platform called XcelLabs.

XcelLabs provides solutions to help accountants use artificial technology fluently and strategically. The Pennsylvania Institute of CPAs and CPA Crossings joined with Padar and Tolin as strategic partners and investors.

“To reinvent the profession, we must start by training the professional who can then transform their firms,” Padar said in a statement. “By equipping people with data and insights that help them see things differently, they can provide better advice to their clients and firm.”

Padar-Jody- new 2019

Jody Padar

The platform includes XcelLabs Academy, a series of educational online courses on the basics of AI, being a better advisor, leadership and practice management; Navi, a proprietary tool that uses AI to help accountants turn unstructured data like emails, phone calls and meetings into insights; and training and consulting services. These offerings are currently in beta testing.

“Accountants know they need to be more advisory, but not everyone can figure out how to do it,” Tolin said in a statement. “Couple that with the fact that AI will be doing a lot of the lower-level work accountants do today, and we need to create that next level advisor now. By showing accountants how to unlock patterns in their actions and turn client conversations into emotionally intelligent advice, we can create the accounting professional of the future.”

Tolin-Katie-CPA Growth Guides

Katie Tolin

“AI is transforming how CPAs work, and XcelLabs is focused on helping the profession evolve with it,” PICPA CEO Jennifer Cryder said in a statement. “At PICPA, we’re proud to support a mission that aligns so closely with ours: empowering firms to use AI not just for efficiency, but to drive growth, value and long-term relevance.”

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Accounting is changing, and the world can’t wait until 2026

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The accountant the world urgently needs has evolved far beyond the traditional role we recognized just a few years ago. 

The transformation of the accounting profession is not merely an anticipated change; it is a pressing reality that is currently shaping business decisions, academic programs and the expected contributions of professionals. Yet, in many areas, accounting education stubbornly clings to outdated, overly technical models that fail to connect with the actual demands of the market. We must confront a critical question: If we continue to train accountants solely to file tax reports, are we truly equipping them for the challenges of today’s world? 

This shift in mindset extends beyond individual countries or educational systems; it is a global movement. The recent announcement of the CIMA/CGMA 2026 syllabus has made it unmistakably clear: merely knowing how to post journal entries is insufficient. Today’s accountants are required to interpret the landscape, anticipate risks and act with strategic awareness. Critical thinking, sustainable finance, technology and human behavior are not just supplementary topics; they are essential components in the education of any professional seeking to remain relevant. 

The CIMA/CGMA proposal for 2026 is not just a curriculum update; it is a powerful manifesto. This new program positions analytical thinking, strategic business partnering and technology application at the core of accounting education. It unequivocally highlights sustainability, aligning with IFRS S1 and S2, and expands the accountant’s responsibilities beyond mere numbers to encompass conscious leadership, environmental impact and corporate governance. 

The current changes in the accounting profession underscore an urgent shift in expectations from both educators and employers. Today, companies of all sizes and industries demand accountants who can do far more than interpret balance sheets. They expect professionals who grasp the deeper context behind the numbers, identify inconsistencies, anticipate potential issues before they escalate into losses, and act decisively as a bridge between data and decision making. 

To meet these expectations, a radical mindset shift is essential. There are firms still operating on autopilot, mindlessly repeating tasks with minimal critical analysis. Likewise, many academic programs continue to treat accounting as purely a technical discipline, disregarding the vital elements of reflection, strategy and behavioral insight. This outdated approach creates a significant mismatch. While the world forges ahead, parts of the accounting profession remain stuck in the past. 

The consequences of this shift are already becoming evident. The demand for compliance, transparency and sustainability now applies not only to large corporations but also to small and mid-sized businesses. Many of these organizations rely on professionals ill-equipped to drive the necessary changes, putting both business performance and the reputation of the profession at risk. 

The positive news is that accountants who are ready to thrive in this new era do not necessarily need additional degrees. What they truly need is a commitment to awareness, a dedication to continuous learning, and the courage to step beyond their comfort zones. The future of accounting is here, and it is firmly rooted in analytical, strategic and human-oriented perspectives. The 2026 curriculum is a clear indication of the changes underway. Those who fail to think critically and holistically will be left behind. 

In contrast, accountants who see the big picture, understand the ripple effects of their decisions, and actively contribute to the financial and ethical health of organizations will undeniably remain indispensable, anywhere in the world.

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Republicans push Musk aside as Trump tax bill barrels forward

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Congressional Republicans are siding with Donald Trump in the messy divorce between the president and Elon Musk, an optimistic sign for eventual passage of a tax cut bill at the root of the two billionaires’ public feud.

Lawmakers are largely taking their cues from Trump and sticking by the $3 trillion bill at the center of the White House’s economic agenda. Musk, the biggest political donor of the 2024 cycle, has threatened to help primary anyone who votes for the legislation, but lawmakers are betting that staying in the president’s good graces is the safer path to political survival.

“The tax bill is not in jeopardy. We are going to deliver on that,” House Speaker Mike Johnson told reporters on Friday.

“I’ll tell you what — do not doubt, don’t second guess and do not challenge the President of the United States Donald Trump,” he added. “He is the leader of the party. He’s the most consequential political figure of our time.”

A fight between Trump and Musk exploded into public view this week. The sparring started with the tech titan calling the president’s tax bill a “disgusting abomination,” but quickly escalated to more personal attacks and Trump threatening to cancel all federal contracts and subsidies to Musk’s companies, such as Tesla Inc. and SpaceX which have benefitted from government ties.

Republicans on Capitol Hill, who had —  until recently — publicly embraced Musk, said they weren’t swayed by the billionaire’s criticism that the bill cost too much. Lawmakers have refuted official estimates of the package, saying that the tax cuts for households, small businesses and politically important groups — including hospitality and hourly workers — will generate enough economic growth to offset the price tag.

“I don’t tell my friend Elon, I don’t argue with him about how to build rockets, and I wish he wouldn’t argue with me about how to craft legislation and pass it,” Johnson told CNBC earlier Friday.

House Budget Committee Chair Jodey Arrington told reporters that House lawmakers are focused on working with the Senate as it revises the bill to make sure the legislation has the political support in both chambers to make it to Trump’s desk for his signature. 

“We move past the drama and we get the substance of what is needed to make the modest improvements that can be made,” he said.

House fiscal hawks said that they hadn’t changed their prior positions on the legislation based on Musk’s statements. They also said they agree with GOP leaders that there will be other chances to make further spending cuts outside the tax bill. 

Representative Tom McClintock, a fiscal conservative, said “the bill will pass because it has to pass,” adding that both Musk and Trump needed to calm down. “They both need to take a nap,” he said.

Even some of the House bill’s most vociferous critics appeared resigned to its passage. Kentucky Representative Thomas Massie, who voted against the House version, predicted that despite Musk’s objections, the Senate will make only small changes.

“The speaker is right about one thing. This barely passed the House. If they muck with it too much in the Senate, it may not pass the House again,” he said.

Trump is pressuring lawmakers to move at breakneck speed to pass the tax-cut bill, demanding they vote on the bill before the July 4 holiday. The president has been quick to blast critics of the bill — including calling Senator Rand Paul “crazy” for objecting to the inclusion of a debt ceiling increase in the package.

As the legislation worked its way through the House last month, Trump took to social media to criticize holdouts and invited undecided members to the White House to compel them to support the package. It passed by one vote.

Senate Majority Leader John Thune — who is planning to unveil his chamber’s version of the bill as soon as next week — said his timeline is unmoved by Musk. 

“We are already pretty far down the trail,” he said.

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